PURPOSE: Acute cardiovascular events have repeatedly been reported to occur during the intraoperative presentation of the urinary tract with toluidine blue (TB). We here assessed the minimum TB dose required, and its safest and most suitable form of intravenous administration for the intraoperative staining of the ureters in rats. METHODS: TB (0.13, 0.4, 1.3, or 4.0 mg/kg) was administered to anesthetized rats either by intravenous injection within 1 min or by infusion within 10 min. During the experiments,biomonitoring parameters such as electrocardiograms (ECGs)and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were recorded,blood gas analysis was performed, and methemoglobin measured. Tissue injury was assessed from released plasma enzyme activities and histopathologically. The intraoperative staining of the ureters was documented photographically,and total urinary excretion and final urine/plasma TB concentrations were determined. RESULTS: Parameters of blood gas analysis, methemoglobin concentrations, and markers of tissue injury were slightly affected by the two highest TB doses but not at all by the lower ones. At doses of ≥0.4 mg/kg, ureters were stained sufficiently. Staining was more intense, and urine excretion of TB higher on average when the dye was injected.The 1-min injection of ≥1.3 mg TB/kg strongly and temporarily decreased the MAP, while the infusions caused lesser effects. Mean ECG parameters were not affected by any TB administration, but one animal developed a temporary bundle branch block after the 1-min injection of 4.0 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: In rats, intravenous injection of 0.4 mg TB/kg was sufficient for the intraoperative staining of the urinary tract without the risk of severe cardiovascular and hemodynamic side effects. Provided our results are transferable to humans, the administration of low TB doses could allow its safer clinical use for the intraoperative visualization of the ureters.
PURPOSE: Acute cardiovascular events have repeatedly been reported to occur during the intraoperative presentation of the urinary tract with toluidine blue (TB). We here assessed the minimum TB dose required, and its safest and most suitable form of intravenous administration for the intraoperative staining of the ureters in rats. METHODS:TB (0.13, 0.4, 1.3, or 4.0 mg/kg) was administered to anesthetized rats either by intravenous injection within 1 min or by infusion within 10 min. During the experiments,biomonitoring parameters such as electrocardiograms (ECGs)and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were recorded,blood gas analysis was performed, and methemoglobin measured. Tissue injury was assessed from released plasma enzyme activities and histopathologically. The intraoperative staining of the ureters was documented photographically,and total urinary excretion and final urine/plasma TB concentrations were determined. RESULTS: Parameters of blood gas analysis, methemoglobin concentrations, and markers of tissue injury were slightly affected by the two highest TB doses but not at all by the lower ones. At doses of ≥0.4 mg/kg, ureters were stained sufficiently. Staining was more intense, and urine excretion of TB higher on average when the dye was injected.The 1-min injection of ≥1.3 mg TB/kg strongly and temporarily decreased the MAP, while the infusions caused lesser effects. Mean ECG parameters were not affected by any TB administration, but one animal developed a temporary bundle branch block after the 1-min injection of 4.0 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: In rats, intravenous injection of 0.4 mg TB/kg was sufficient for the intraoperative staining of the urinary tract without the risk of severe cardiovascular and hemodynamic side effects. Provided our results are transferable to humans, the administration of low TB doses could allow its safer clinical use for the intraoperative visualization of the ureters.