OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of low vitamin D concentrations in a cohort of healthy two-year-old children living in a large Canadian city, and to explore whether body mass index (BMI) and cow's milk intake are associated with low vitamin D concentrations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on healthy two-year-old children attending a well-child visit in Toronto, Ontario (latitude 43.4°N). Dietary exposures were measured by questionnaire. The primary outcome was the prevalence of low vitamin D concentrations (25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of lower than 50 nmol/L or lower than 75 nmol/L). RESULTS: A total of 91 healthy children 24 to 30 months of age were recruited between November 2007 and May 2008. The prevalence of low vitamin D concentrations (lower than 50 nmol/L) was 32% (29 of 92, 95% CI 22% to 42%) and the prevalence of vitamin D concentrations of lower than 75 nmol/L was 82% (75 of 91, 95% CI 73% to 89%). Using multivariable logistic regression, the odds of vitamin D concentrations being lower than 50 nmol/L decreased by 0.44 (95% CI 0.2 to 0.96) for each additional cup of cow's milk intake per day and increased by 1.2 to 2.6 per unit BMI depending on BMI level (P=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: A total of 30% to 80% of toddlers in the present study's urban Canadian setting demonstrated low vitamin D concentrations - the highest prevalence of low vitamin D in toddlers outside of Alaska. Modifiable factors associated with low vitamin D were lower cow's milk intake and higher BMI. The vitamin D status of toddlers in urban Canada may require specific attention.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of low vitamin D concentrations in a cohort of healthy two-year-old children living in a large Canadian city, and to explore whether body mass index (BMI) and cow's milk intake are associated with low vitamin D concentrations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on healthy two-year-old children attending a well-child visit in Toronto, Ontario (latitude 43.4°N). Dietary exposures were measured by questionnaire. The primary outcome was the prevalence of low vitamin D concentrations (25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of lower than 50 nmol/L or lower than 75 nmol/L). RESULTS: A total of 91 healthy children 24 to 30 months of age were recruited between November 2007 and May 2008. The prevalence of low vitamin D concentrations (lower than 50 nmol/L) was 32% (29 of 92, 95% CI 22% to 42%) and the prevalence of vitamin D concentrations of lower than 75 nmol/L was 82% (75 of 91, 95% CI 73% to 89%). Using multivariable logistic regression, the odds of vitamin D concentrations being lower than 50 nmol/L decreased by 0.44 (95% CI 0.2 to 0.96) for each additional cup of cow's milk intake per day and increased by 1.2 to 2.6 per unit BMI depending on BMI level (P=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: A total of 30% to 80% of toddlers in the present study's urban Canadian setting demonstrated low vitamin D concentrations - the highest prevalence of low vitamin D in toddlers outside of Alaska. Modifiable factors associated with low vitamin D were lower cow's milk intake and higher BMI. The vitamin D status of toddlers in urban Canada may require specific attention.
Entities:
Keywords:
Obesity; Primary care; Toddlers; Vitamin D
Authors: Zuguo Mei; Laurence M Grummer-Strawn; Angelo Pietrobelli; Ailsa Goulding; Michael I Goran; William H Dietz Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2002-06 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Ravinder J Singh; Robert L Taylor; G Satyanarayana Reddy; Stefan K G Grebe Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2006-05-23 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: N Vilarrasa; J Maravall; A Estepa; R Sánchez; C Masdevall; M A Navarro; P Alía; J Soler; J M Gómez Journal: J Endocrinol Invest Date: 2007-09 Impact factor: 4.256
Authors: Grace J Lee; Catherine S Birken; Patricia C Parkin; Gerald Lebovic; Yang Chen; Mary R L'Abbé; Jonathon L Maguire Journal: CMAJ Date: 2014-10-20 Impact factor: 8.262
Authors: Michelle Science; Jonathon L Maguire; Margaret L Russell; Marek Smieja; Stephen D Walter; Mark Loeb Journal: Paediatr Child Health Date: 2017-05-15 Impact factor: 2.253
Authors: Jonathon L Maguire; Catherine S Birken; Mark B Loeb; Muhammad Mamdani; Kevin Thorpe; Jeffrey S Hoch; Tony Mazzulli; Cornelia M Borkhoff; Colin Macarthur; Patricia C Parkin Journal: BMC Pediatr Date: 2014-02-08 Impact factor: 2.125
Authors: Michelle Science; Jonathon L Maguire; Margaret L Russell; Marek Smieja; Stephen D Walter; Mark Loeb Journal: PLoS One Date: 2014-01-10 Impact factor: 3.240