Subclinical leukopenia in a cross section of Nigerian blood donors.

BACKGROUND: Most studies on blood donors are centered on the selective evaluation of red blood cell parameters with little or no regard to white blood cells and platelets.
METHODS: One hundred and twelve male blood donors comprising 43 first-time and 69 regular blood donors, drawn from a tertiary health facility in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, participated in the study. Their hematological parameters were assessed using a 3-part differential autohematology analyzer (PCE-210 N).
RESULTS: Of the blood donors, 18.8% were found to be anemic (packed cell volume [PCV] <33%) while 12.5% were leukopenic (white blood cell [WBC] count <2.0 × 10(9)/L). The leukopenia observed in this study was largely due to the significant reductions in both the absolute lymphocyte (P = 0.019), percent lymphocyte (P = 0.016), and percent monocyte count (P = 0.008). Anemia was obviously due to the reduction in the red blood cell (RBC) count, PCV, hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell Hb (MCH), and red cell distribution width (RDW) values. Significant positive correlations were found between PCV and total WBC count (r = 0.309; P < 0.01) while a negative correlation was found between PCV and absolute lymphocyte counts (r = -0.191; P < 0.005) and RDW (r = -0.219; P < 0.05). Comparison of the mean values of the first-time versus regular blood donor parameters revealed that six parameters were significantly reduced in the regular blood donors (PCV, absolute WBC count, percent monocytes, RBC count, Hb, PCV). The reference ranges of hematological parameters for Port Harcourt donors are also presented in this study. No thrombocytopenia was observed.
CONCLUSION: Regular blood donation not only affects red cell parameters but also those of white cells. Subclinical leukopenia is present among regular blood donors in this locality. First-time blood donors would be most preferable when the concentrated white blood cell component of blood needs to be prepared.

Introduction

Blood donation is an essential part of blood transfusion services. In 1997, the World Health Organization set a target for all blood donors to be unpaid volunteers.1

In most countries, strict regulations have been established for the selection of blood donors that incorporate criteria that serve to protect both the donor and recipient,2 but these regulations are not adhered to in most developing countries, including Nigeria. An acceptable frequency of donation is normally two or three times a year or every 12 weeks.3 The effect of frequent blood donation on body iron stores has been studied exhaustively, with very similar findings for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.4–6

Voluntary unpaid blood donation is a humanitarian act by the healthy to benefit the sick. Commercial donors commonly masquerade as family replacement donors and thus may donate blood more frequently than they should. Since no blood transfusion service can survive without blood donors, the well-being and health of blood donors is an issue of prime importance.

Much emphasis has been laid on iron deficiency, probably because of anemia which reduces maximum oxygen consumption and maximum work performance in proportion to its severity. Since whole blood is composed of three cellular elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), parameters other than red blood cells (RBCs) also need to be assessed, which is the aim of this study.

Materials and methods

Study population

The subjects comprised 120 unselected consecutive whole blood donors comprising regular and first-time donors. The first-time donors were mostly patient relatives who were donating blood for the first time. The regular donors had donated blood three to four times prior to the time of collection of study samples. The subjects comprised 112 males and only 8 females. The female group was therefore excluded from the study population because of their small number. The male donors were randomly selected as long as they were eligible for blood donation based on their packed cell volume (PCV) at a cut-off value of 33%. Age of blood donors ranged from 20 to 60 years. The study was conducted at the blood bank of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Donors were bled in the phlebotomy unit after receiving their informed consent. The study received ethical approval from the Hematology department of the same hospital. The survey was conducted between January and May 2010.

Sample collection

Three milliliters of blood was collected into an EDTA bottle. Blood samples were analyzed the same day or the next day depending on the time of collection (donors who came later in the day had their samples analyzed the next day). Samples held overnight were refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C.

Sample analysis

Samples were analyzed with a hematology auto analyzer (PCE-210 N; Erma, Inc, Tokyo, Japan), a fully automatic blood cell counter that measures 18 blood component parameters including three white blood cell (WBC) components (lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes). Procedures were performed according to the standard operating manual.

Statistics

Data were analyzed using SPSS software (v 16; SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL). Descriptive statistics for means, standard deviation, median, and 95% confidence interval were used. Student’s t-test was used for the comparison of means between two groups. Probability value was set at alpha 0.05. Values ≤0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

Results

Donors > 40 years of age (57.1%) were most highly represented, with regular donors dominating the study population (61.6%) (Table 1); 84.8% of donors were O blood group and 92.0% were RhD positive.

Table 1

Characteristics of the male blood donors

Variables	Number	Percentage (%)
Age (years)
<30	29	25.9
30–40	19	17.0
>40	64	57.1
Category of donors
First time	43	38.4
Regular	69	61.6
ABO blood group
A	8	7.2
B	9	8.0
AB	0	0
O	95	84.8
Rhesus blood group
RhD negative	9	8.0
RhD positive	103	92.0

Table 2 shows reference ranges of hematological parameters in relation to age groups and donor categories. Significant reductions were observed in the following parameters for regular blood donors: PCV (P = 0.001), WBC count (P = 0.02), other white cells (%) (P = 0.005), RBC count (P = 0.012), Hb (P = 0.001), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P = 0.03). No significant changes were observed for the other parameters (Table 3).

Table 2

Reference ranges of the hematological values of the 112 blood donors in relation to their age groups

Parameters		Age groups (years)
	<30 (n = 29)	30–40 (n = 19)	>40 (n = 64)
	Mean (SD); 95% CI	Mean (SD); 95% Cl	Mean (SD); 95% Cl
PCV (%)	38.0 (4.0); 36.5–39.6	36.0 (7.8); 36–40	39.4 (4.9); 37–41.7
WBC (×109/L)	3.9 (1.9); 3.2–4.6	3.9 (1.9); 3.4–4.3	4.1 (1.8); 3.2–4.9
Lymphs (abs)	2.3 (0.9); 1.9–2.7	2.2 (0.07); 1.9–2.4	2.1 (0.8); 1.7–2.5
Lymphs (%)	46.4 (10.0); 42.6–50.3	51.1 (13.6); 47.7–54.5	49.0 (9.1); 44–53.4
Granulocytes (abs)	1.9 (0.9); 1.6–2.3	3.5 (3.1); 0.2–6.8	1.9 (0.8); 1.5–2.3
Granulocytes (%)	44.5 (11.2); 40.2–48.8	39.6 (11.4); 36.7–42.4	42.1 (11.1); 36.7–47.5
Monocytes (abs)	0.7 (0.5); 0.4–0.9	0.7 (0.6); 0.5–0.8	0.5 (0.5); 0.2–0.8
Monocytes (%)	7.7 (2.9); 6.6–8.9	8.5 (5.2); 7.2–9.8	8.1 (3.8); 6.2–9.9
RBC (×1012/L)	5.1 (1.1); 4.6–55	5.0 (1.3); 4.7–54	5.4 (0.9); 4.9–5.8
Hb (g/dL)	13.2 (2.0); 12.4–13.9	12.9 (3.0); 12.2–13.7	13.2 (2.0); 12.2–14.2
MCV (fL)	73.4 (8.8); 70.1–76.8	71.3 (11.6); 68.4–74.2	71.3 (11.4); 65.8–76.9
MCH (pg)	22.7 (4.2); 21–24.3	22.4 (94.2); 21.3–23.4	23.9 (4.0); 65.8–76.9
MCHC (g/dL)	30.2 (4.0); 28.4–32.0	34.0 (4.0); 23–44	31.1 (3.9); 29.2–33.0
RDW (%)	16.5 (2.2); 15.7–17.4	18.1 (4.1); 17.1–19.1	16.4 (2.3); 15.3–17.5
PLT (×109/L)	218.1 (74.9); 189.6–246.6	249.4 (110.1); 221–276.9	232 (79.4); 193–270.4
MPV (%)	7.5 (1.4); 7.0	7.4 (1.7); 7.0	7.5 (1.6); 6.7
PDW (%)	36.3 (7.6); 33.4–39.2	35.8 (9.5); 33.4–38.1	39.0 (10.9); 33.7–44.3

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; Hb, hemoglobin; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MPV, mean platelet volume; PCV, packed cell volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; PLT, platelets; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red cell distribution width; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cell.

Table 3

Comparison of mean values of first-time and regular blood donors

Parameters	First time (n = 43)	Regular (n = 69)	t-value	P-value
	Mean ± SD (range)	Mean ± SD (range)
PCV (%)	41.0 ± 7.1	30.5 ± 5.5	3.642	0.001***
WBC (×109/L)	4.4 ± 1.7	3.6 ± 1.8	2.367	0.02*
Lymphs (abs)	2.3 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 0.9	0.677	0.50ns
Lymphs (%)	4.3 ± 1.0	1.9 ± 1.1	1.249	0.110ns
Granulocytes (abs)	48.0 ± 11.8	50.5 ± 12.3	1.050	0.296ns
Granulocytes (%)	41.8 ± 12.1	40.9 ± 11.1	0.386	0.701ns
Monocytes (abs)	0.6 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 0.6	0.155	0.07ns
Monocytes (%)	9.7 ± 4.6	7.3 ± 4.0	2.883	0.005**
RBC (×1012/L)	5.5 ± 1.2	4.9 ± 1.1	2.565	0.012**
Hb (g/dL)	14.1 ± 3.1	12.4 ± 2.0	3.431	0.001***
MCV (fL)	74.7 ± 9.6	70.1 ± 11.3	2.194	0.03**
MCH (pg)	23.6 ± 3.6	22.1 ± 4.4	1.867	0.06ns
MCHC (g/dL)	34.0 ± 4.0	30.1 ± 4.0	0.658	0.513ns
RDW (%)	17.0 ± 3.4	17.7 ± 3.6	0.94	0.34ns
PLT (×109/L)	220.1 ± 98.2	249.7 ± 96.0	1.570	0.119ns
MPV (%)	7.6 ± 1.2	7.4 ± 1.8	0.423	0.673
PDW (%)	36.8 ± 10.0	36.2 ± 8.9	0.345	0.731ns

Abbreviations: Hb, hemoglobin; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MPV, mean platelet volume; PCV, packed cell volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; PLT, platelets; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red cell distribution width; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cell.

Of the 112 blood donors, 21 (18.8%) were anemic (PCV of ≤33%) (Table 4). Circulating lymphocytes (%), granulocytes, and other white cells (monocytes) were significantly lower in the anemic group (P = 0.005, P = 0.02, P = 0.016, respectively). Total WBCs declined significantly from 4.1 ± 1.8 × 109/L in the anemic group (P = 0.047). Similarly, RBC, Hb, and mean cell Hb (MCH) was significantly lower while the red cell distribution width (RDW) was significantly higher in the anemic group (P = 0.001).

Table 4

Hematological changes in anemic blood donors

Parameters	Anemic	Nonanemic	t-value	P-value
	n = 21	n = 91
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
PCV (%)	30.0 ± 4.5	40.1 ± 5.4	7.932	0.001**
WBC (×109/L)	3.2 ± 1.6	4.1 ± 1.8	2.008	0.047*
Lymphs (abs)	2.1 ± 1.0	2.2 ± 0.9	0.661	0.510
Lymphs (%)	56.1 ± 16.5	48.0 ± 10.4	2.835	0.005**
Granulocytes (abs)	1.6 ± 0.9	3.1 ± 1.1	0.620	0.536
Granulocytes (%)	36.0 ± 14.7	42.5 ± 10.3	2.360	0.02*
Monocytes (abs)	0.5 ± 0.4	0.6 ± 0.6	1.264	0.209
Monocytes (%)	6.1 ± 2.5	8.7 ± 4.7	2.452	0.016*
RBC (×109/L)	4.1 ± 1.2	5.3 ± 1.1	4.604	0.001**
Hb (g/dL)	10.5 ± 1.9	13.6 ± 2.4	5.393	0.001**
MCV (fL)	74.9 ± 9.2	71.2 ± 11.1	1.405	0.163
MCH (pg)	20.7 ± 4.2	23.2 ± 4.0	2.447	0.016*
MCHC (g/dL)	26.8 ± 4.8	3.8 ± 3.5	0.954	0.342
RDW (%)	19.8 ± 4.4	16.9 ± 3.0	3.557	0.001**
PLT (×109/L)	255.0 ± 112.6	234.5 ± 93.9	0.870	0.386
MPV (%)	7.9 ± 2.4	7.4 ± 1.4	1.224	0.224
PDW (%)	34.3 ± 10.2	36 ± 9.11	1.149	0.253

Notes:

Significant at P < 0.05;

significant at P < 0.01.

Abbreviations: Hb, hemoglobin; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MPV, mean platelet volume; PCV, packed cell volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; PLT, platelets; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red cell distribution width; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cell.

Subclinical leukopenia in this study was defined using a cutoff value of total WBC count (absolute) of <2.0 × 109/L. Fourteen (12.5%) of the study population were leukopenic. PCV (P = 0.001), WBC count (P = 0.001), absolute lymphocytes (P = 0.019), percent lymphocytes (P = 0.016), percent granulocytes (P = 0.05), percent monocytes (P = 0.0080), RBC (P = 0.014), Hb (P = 0.002), MCH (P = 0.001), and mean platelet volume (MPV) (P = 0.005) were significantly lower in leukopenic donors (Table 5).

Table 5

Hematological changes in leukopenic blood donors

Parameters	Leukopenic	Nonleukopenic	t-value	P-value
	n = 14	n = 98
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
PCV (%)	32.7 ± 6.1	39.0 ± 6.2	3.502	0.001**
WBC (×109/L)	1.2 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 1.6	7.141	0.001**
Lymphs (abs)	1.6 ± 0.9	2.3 ± 0.9	2.376	0.019*
Lymphs (%)	2.2 ± 1.7	2.9 ± 1.5	0.276	0.781
Granulocytes (abs)	55.8 ± 20.1	48.5 ± 10.0	2.447	0.016*
Granulocytes (%)	35.9 ± 19.1	42.0 ± 9.8	1.905	0.05*
Monocytes (abs)	0.6 ± 0.7	0.7 ± 0.6	0.178	0.859
Monocytes (%)	5.2 ± 2.3	8.6 ± 4.5	2.702	0.01*
RBC (×1012/L)	4.3 ± 1.2	5.2 ± 1.2	2.492	0.014*
Hb (g/dL)	11.0 ± 2.5	13.3 ± 2.5	3.153	0.002**
MCV (fL)	68.1 ± 11.3	72.4 ± 10.7	1.390	0.167
MCH (pg)	18.1 ± 2.7	23.4 ± 3.9	4.768	0.001**
MCHC (g/dL)	25.8 ± 4.9	33.5 ± 3.2	0.853	0.396
RDW (%)	18.2 ± 2.9	17.3 ± 3.6	0.853	0.396
PLT (×109/L)	226 ± 72.1	240.1 ± 100.8	0.492	0.624
MPV (%)	8.6 ± 2.4	7.3 ± 1.4	2.868	0.005**
PDW (%)	37.4 ± 8.7	36.3 ± 9.4	0.415	0.192

Notes:

Significant at P < 0.05;

significant at P < 0.01.

Abbreviations: Hb, hemoglobin; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MPV, mean platelet volume; PCV, packed cell volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; PLT, platelets; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red cell distribution width; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cell.

Significant negative correlations were found between PCV and absolute lymphocytes (r = 0.191), PCV and RDW (r = −0.219), WI3C and percent lymphocytes (r = 0.285), WBC and other white blood cells (monocytes) (r = 0.330), and MCV and platelet count (r = 0.309). MCH was correlated negatively with RBC (r = 0.226), platelets (r = −0.347), and MPV (r = −0.240) (Table 6). MPV was correlated negatively with absolute granulocytes (r = −0.288) and percent granulocytes (r = −0.316). None of the blood donors were thrombocytopenic at a cutoff value of 100 × 109/L.

Table 6

Observed positive correlations of the various hematological parameters using Pearson’s correlation test

	Parameters correlated	Correlation coefficient (r)
PCV	vs TWBC	0.309**
	vs Lymphs (abs)	−0.191*
	vs Hb	0.895**
	vs RBC	0.637**
	vs RDW	−0.219*
	vs PDW	0.218*
WBC	vs Platelets	0.276**
	vs Lymphs (abs)	0.444**
	vs Lymphs(%)	0.285**
	vs Monocytes (abs)	0.330**
	vs Monocytes (%)	0.496**
	vs Hb	0.303**
	vs RDW	0.189*
MCV	vs Platelets	0.309**
	vs MPV	0.236*
MCH	vs PCV	0.269**
	vs RBC	0.226*
	vs HGB	0.266**
	vs Platelets	0.347**
	vs MPV	0.240*
MPV	vs Granulocytes (abs)	0.288**
	vs Lymphocytes (abs)	0.267**
	vs Granulocytes (%)	−0.316**
	vs MCHC	0.190*

Notes:

Correlation significant at P < 0.01;

correlation significant at P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: Hb, hemoglobin; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MPV, mean platelet volume; PCV, packed cell volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; PLT, platelets; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red cell distribution width; SD, standard deviation; TWBC, total white blood cell.

Discussion

This study describes the reference ranges of hematology parameters in blood donors and the effect of regular blood donation on these parameters. Reference ranges were established using samples derived from anonymous blood donors. Out of the 120 blood donors, only 8 (6.6%) were females. Because this ratio fell outside the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines of 120 subjects,7 females were excluded from the analysis. The lower proportion of females is likely due to their less frequent participation in blood drives and other medical research because of cultural issues. Hematology ranges derived in this study were comparable to published values in other African countries.8,9 This study presents the reference values for males only for the reason mentioned above. Since most donors are males, it is necessary for their reference ranges to be established in a given locality in order to assist in the donor selection procedures. RBC parameters and platelet findings were consistent with those of other published African countries.5,8–11

In this study, the RBC parameters PVC, RBC count, Hb, and MCV values of the regular blood donors were significantly lower than those of first-time blood donors. Also, the proportion of apparently healthy blood donors who were anemic accounted for 21/112 (18.8%) at a cutoff value of Hb < 11.0 g/dL. This proportion was slightly higher than the 13.7% reported recently by Jeremiah and Koate.5 Similarly, the findings of this study are consistent with those of Jeremiah and Koate,6 in that the hematological parameters of Hb, PCV, and MCH concentration were all lower in the regular donors than in the other categories of donors.

The difference in these findings is probably due to the different study locations: the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and the Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital. Despite the differences in the prevalence of anemia, it has been established that prevalence of anemia is high in Port Harcourt regular blood donors. The implication of this finding is that these categories of blood donors are likely to compromise their iron stores due to frequent blood donation and thus become iron deficient. Jeremiah and Koate5 established the presence of both iron deficiency (20.6%) as assessed by serum ferritin level (iron deficiency anemia (12.0%) as assessed by Hb (<11.0 g/dL + serum ferritin <12 ng/mL). It could be deduced that most of our regular blood donors are iron deficient, which is not conducive for a supply of good quality blood.

A typical whole blood donation is the equivalent of burning approximately 650 calories. The donated plasma is replaced after two to three days, while RBCs are replaced by bone marrow into the circulatory system at a slower rate, an average of 36 days in healthy adult males. These replacement rates are the basis of how frequently a donor can give blood.12 The exact rate of how often a donor can donate blood differs from country to country. RBCs are the limiting step for whole blood donations and the frequency of donation permitted varies widely: Hong Kong 3 to 6 months,13 Australia 12 weeks,14 the United States 12 weeks,15 and the UK usually 16 weeks.16 In Nigeria, it is not yet established how often a blood donor can give blood. With the reference values established and the prevalence of anemia known, how many times a donor can give blood in Nigeria needs to be defined.

A donor generally donates approximately 450 mL of blood at the time of donation. One gram of Hb contains 3.4 mg of iron. In a normal individual with 15 g/dL of Hb, 100 mL of blood contains approximately 50 mg of iron. Thus, removal of only 2 mL of blood results in a 1 mg loss of iron.17 If 450 mL of blood are taken in a donation, approximately 225 mg of iron will be lost. If the donor has no iron deficiency, the RBCs and the Hb level will gradually return to normal within 3 to 4 weeks. Hence adequate iron stores are very important in the maintenance of donor health.18 An acceptable frequency of donation is normally two to three times a year. In this study, all the regular donors had already donated two to three times within 3 months, because most of the blood donors always hide their identity and come in the guise of a patient relation to donate blood. This study did not estimate serum ferritin to define iron deficiency but the most recently published data indicate that most of these blood donors are iron deficient. Iron is a universal cofactor for mitochondrial energy generation and supports the growth and differentiation of all cell types. Systemic iron is regulated through the proteins transferrin (iron mobilization) and ferritin (iron sequestration). The physiologic importance of iron storage is that it provides a rapidly available supply in the event of blood loss. Serum ferritin concentration is an indicator of mobilizable body iron stores,19,20 and as such should be incorporated in donor screening.

Another significant and novel finding in this study is the prevalence of subclinical leukopenia of 12.5%, which has never been reported before. The leukopenia was caused largely by a significant reduction in absolute lymphocyte counts as well as circulating lymphocytes. Granulocytes did not show any significant reduction between leukopenic and nonleukopenic groups. Circulating monocytes were equally reduced significantly in number in the leukopenic group while some red cell parameters such as PCV, RBC, Hb, and MCH exhibited significant changes. Mean platelet volume in the leukopenic group was also significantly reduced. The reason for this leukopenia is not yet understood, especially as the process of erythropoeisis and leukopoesis does not originate from a common progeny. Whole blood transfusion usually means substitution of RBCs of the recipient from the donor. We are only concerned about the RBCs and not WBCs and platelets, probably because the life span for RBCs (which is 120 days) is long enough for them to be stored whereas the life span of WBCs and platelets is shorter.

For component preparation, concentrated WBCs or platelets can be prepared from pooled multiple donors, as is the current practice. Since subclinical leukopenia was observed in regular blood donors in this study, first-time donors must be the preferred donors for a greater yield of leukocytes. Herein lies the importance of this study. Choice of voluntary donors and first-time/family replacement donors has continued to be a challenge in the sub-Saharan African region due to commercial blood donors masquerading as family replacement donors. More stringent criteria for donor selection will help in the production of quality components for transfusion recipients in Nigeria. This study, however, does not postulate the existence of comorbid conditions with anemia, but instead represents an observation of a cross section of blood donors and provides a foundation for future studies.

The average adult male has about 7500 WBCs/mm3. This number may increase drastically following an infection and may decrease in people with an immunodeficiency disease such as AIDS.21 A low WBC count is referred to as leukopenia. Deficiency of all types of WBCs can be caused by bone marrow suppression; however, when there is selective reduction, the specific type of WBCs involved needs to be discussed. It should be noted that the donors were screened only for HIV and hepatitis B surface antigen. Other infectious agents or disease conditions that do not form part of our donor selection criteria may also lead to occult subclinical leukopenia. More studies on infectious agents and disease conditions (etiologi-cal factors) prevalent in our locality need to be undertaken to unravel the causes of this subclinical leukopenia.

A reduction in the number of lymphocytes in the blood is often referred to as lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia. This condition may result from bone marrow suppression that affects all types of blood cells, but there are also specific deficiencies of B- and T-cells.22 Lymphocytopenia may be caused by lack of the trace element zinc, long-term heavy alcohol consumption, and certain infectious diseases such as HIV, viral hepatitis, influenza, and tuberculosis.21,23 In addition, B- and T-cells may fail to differentiate from their common precursor cell.21

Granulocytes are a class of WBCs that contain granules of chemicals. The three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Mast cells are tissue-based cells related to basophils. Granulocytes are produced and stored in the bone marrow until they are released by cytokines. These cells defend against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and allergens.24

Since we have been unable to find any reports on the effect of blood donation on WBCs, it is difficult to corroborate the findings in this study; however, the significant reduction in lymphocyte counts among the leukopenic blood donors is an indication that their immune system may have been compromised. We recommend that regular eligibility screening for blood donation should include WBC counts, especially for those donating blood for component preparation of concentrated WBCs.