Existence, effectance, esteem: from gambling to a new theory of human motivation.

A study of gamblers' motives leads to the formulation of a new theory of human motivation. The theory states that humans have three basic interrelated needs: (1) a need to confirm their existence, (2) a need to affirm their worth, and (3) a need to produce effects (be a causal agent). The theory further states: (4) When they produce desired (intended) effects, they experience pleasure (e.g., joy); and when they fail to produce desired effects, they experience displeasure (e.g., disappointment). (5) The principle of least effort and (6) mental, emotional, and bodily blocks act as impediments to the confirmation of existence, to the affirmation of worth, and to the production of effects.