OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between gross motor and intellectual function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Occupational therapy clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Children with CP (N=662; 281 girls, 381 boys; age range, 3-14y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intelligence testing was carried out by means of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Gross motor function level was determined by the Gross Motor Function Classification System Expanded and Revised (GMFCS E&R). RESULTS: Of the children, 10.4% were at level I of the GMFCS E&R, 38% at levels II and III, and 51.5% at levels IV and V. The lowest level of intelligence or profound intellectual disability was found in children with spastic quadriplegia (n=28, 62.2%). Children at the lowest levels (I-IV, GMFCS E&R) obtained higher ratings in terms of intelligence in comparison with children at level V. Based on the present results, the diagnosis was statistically related to the intellectual level as dependent variable (P<.01); accordingly, hypotonic, quadriplegic, and hemiplegic patients had the highest odds to assign higher ratings in abnormal intelligence, respectively. Sex and age were not statistically related to the dependent variable. CONCLUSIONS: The study results demonstrated a significant association between GMFCS E&R and intellectual function. Therefore, we suggest that particular attention should be paid to the intellectual level in terms of evaluations of gross motor function. These results, in respect, might be interested for occupational and physical therapists who are involved in rehabilitation programs for these children.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between gross motor and intellectual function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Occupational therapy clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Children with CP (N=662; 281 girls, 381 boys; age range, 3-14y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intelligence testing was carried out by means of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Gross motor function level was determined by the Gross Motor Function Classification System Expanded and Revised (GMFCS E&R). RESULTS: Of the children, 10.4% were at level I of the GMFCS E&R, 38% at levels II and III, and 51.5% at levels IV and V. The lowest level of intelligence or profound intellectual disability was found in children with spastic quadriplegia (n=28, 62.2%). Children at the lowest levels (I-IV, GMFCS E&R) obtained higher ratings in terms of intelligence in comparison with children at level V. Based on the present results, the diagnosis was statistically related to the intellectual level as dependent variable (P<.01); accordingly, hypotonic, quadriplegic, and hemiplegic patients had the highest odds to assign higher ratings in abnormal intelligence, respectively. Sex and age were not statistically related to the dependent variable. CONCLUSIONS: The study results demonstrated a significant association between GMFCS E&R and intellectual function. Therefore, we suggest that particular attention should be paid to the intellectual level in terms of evaluations of gross motor function. These results, in respect, might be interested for occupational and physical therapists who are involved in rehabilitation programs for these children.
Authors: Wener Barbosa-Resende; Viviane de Oliveira Rangel; Ana Claudia Frontarolli; Renata R Hoffman Araújo; Carlos Henrique Martins da Silva; Rogério de Melo Costa Pinto; Nívea de Macedo Oliveira Morales Journal: PLoS One Date: 2015-02-11 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Sophie Catharina Wintels; Dirk-Wouter Smits; Floryt van Wesel; Johannes Verheijden; Marjolijn Ketelaar Journal: Health Expect Date: 2018-06-01 Impact factor: 3.377