Aldosterone and aldosterone antagonists in cardiac disease: what is known, what is new.

Experimental and clinical studies indicate that exposure to high aldosterone concentrations causes cardiac damage independent of the blood pressure level. In recent years, it has become clear that the effects of aldosterone on the heart are mediated by actions on a variety of cell types and intracellular mechanisms that contribute to regulation of specific tissue responses, leading to hypertrophy and fibrosis. Most cardiac effects of aldosterone are mediated by activation of mineralocorticoid receptors that are detected in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Clinical evidence of the unfavorable cardiac effects of aldosterone has been established in landmark studies that have tested the benefits of aldosterone antagonists in patients with heart failure and decreased ejection fraction. However, evidence of benefits of aldosterone antagonists occurring independent of the renal effects of these agents is not limited to patients with systolic heart failure. In this article, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on the effects of aldosterone antagonists on cardiac protection and highlight the most recent findings that have been obtained in different cardiac conditions with use of these drugs.