Heat shock protein 90 is a promising target for effective growth inhibition of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.

Treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) is still unsatisfactory and innovative therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is overexpressed in a wide range of tumor types and is an emerging target for the treatment of cancer. However, the potential activity of Hsp90 inhibitors in GEP-NET has not yet been investigated. We studied the antineoplastic activity of the Hsp90 inhibitor IPI-504 on GEP‑NET cells, and characterized its mechanism of action. In human insulinoma (CM) and pancreatic carcinoid (BON) cells IPI-504 induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition by almost 70%. The antiproliferative effect of IPI-504 correlated with a reduction in protein levels of the IGF-1 receptor. Additionally, several proteins of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, downstream of IGF-1 receptor activation in GEP-NETs, were downregulated as a consequence of Hsp90 inhibition. Combination treatment of IPI-504 with mTOR- or AKT-inhibitors led to additive antiproliferative effects. In addition, effects of IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition were strongly enhanced by IPI-504. Cancer gene expression profiling and FACS analysis revealed that IPI-504 antiproliferative effects were due to both induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. A modified chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay confirmed the antineoplastic activity of IPI-504 in GEP-NETs in vivo. In conclusion, this study showed that Hsp90 inhibition may be an attractive target for innovative GEP-NET treatment alone or in combination with either IGF-1R or mTOR inhibitors.