BACKGROUND: Carbonic anhydrases (CA) catalyze the inter-conversion of CO(2) with HCO(3) and H(+), and are involved in a wide variety of physiologic processes such as anion transport, pH regulation, and water balance. In mammals there are sixteen members of the classical α-type CA family, while the simple genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans codes for six αCA isoforms (cah-1 through cah-6). METHODS: Fluorescent reporter constructs were used to analyze gene promoter usage, splice variation, and protein localization in transgenic worms. Catalytic activity of recombinant CA proteins was assessed using Hansson's histochemistry. CA's ability to regulate pH as a function of CO(2) and HCO(3) was measured using dynamic fluorescent imaging of genetically-targeted biosensors. RESULTS: Each of the six CA genes was found to be expressed in a distinct repertoire of cell types. Surprisingly, worms also expressed a catalytically-active CA splice variant, cah-4a, in which an alternative first exon targeted the protein to the nucleus. Cah-4a expression was restricted mainly to the nervous system, where it was found in nearly all neurons, and recombinant CAH-4A protein could regulate pH in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to establishing C. elegans as a platform for studying αCA function, this is the first example of a nuclear-targeted αCA in any organism to date. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: A classical αCA isoform is targeted exclusively to the nucleus where its activity may impact nuclear physiologic and pathophysiologic responses.
BACKGROUND: Carbonic anhydrases (CA) catalyze the inter-conversion of CO(2) with HCO(3) and H(+), and are involved in a wide variety of physiologic processes such as anion transport, pH regulation, and water balance. In mammals there are sixteen members of the classical α-type CA family, while the simple genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans codes for six αCA isoforms (cah-1 through cah-6). METHODS: Fluorescent reporter constructs were used to analyze gene promoter usage, splice variation, and protein localization in transgenic worms. Catalytic activity of recombinant CA proteins was assessed using Hansson's histochemistry. CA's ability to regulate pH as a function of CO(2) and HCO(3) was measured using dynamic fluorescent imaging of genetically-targeted biosensors. RESULTS: Each of the six CA genes was found to be expressed in a distinct repertoire of cell types. Surprisingly, worms also expressed a catalytically-active CA splice variant, cah-4a, in which an alternative first exon targeted the protein to the nucleus. Cah-4a expression was restricted mainly to the nervous system, where it was found in nearly all neurons, and recombinant CAH-4A protein could regulate pH in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to establishing C. elegans as a platform for studying αCA function, this is the first example of a nuclear-targeted αCA in any organism to date. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: A classical αCA isoform is targeted exclusively to the nucleus where its activity may impact nuclear physiologic and pathophysiologic responses.
Authors: Zhenglin Yang; Bernardo V Alvarez; Christina Chakarova; Li Jiang; Goutam Karan; Jeanne M Frederick; Yu Zhao; Yves Sauvé; Xi Li; Eberhart Zrenner; Bernd Wissinger; Anneke I Den Hollander; Bradley Katz; Wolfgang Baehr; Frans P Cremers; Joseph R Casey; Shomi S Bhattacharya; Kang Zhang Journal: Hum Mol Genet Date: 2004-11-24 Impact factor: 6.150
Authors: J Saarnio; S Parkkila; A K Parkkila; K Haukipuro; S Pastoreková; J Pastorek; M I Kairaluoma; T J Karttunen Journal: Am J Pathol Date: 1998-07 Impact factor: 4.307