BACKGROUND: The detection of pigments and colourless flavonoids in apples can provide a useful indication of fruit quality. Optical methods are preferable because they are fast and non-destructive. In this study, a fluorescence-based portable sensor was used in order to non-invasively determine the content of chlorophylls, anthocyanins and flavonols in Fuji, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious apple cultivars. The aim was to define new non-destructive optical indices of apple quality. RESULTS: The anthocyanin index (ANTH) in Fuji was higher in the sunny (i.e. sun-exposed) side of the fruit compared to the shady side. For all cultivars, the flavonol index (FLAV) was higher in the sunny side compared with the shady side. The chlorophyll index (CHL) for the shady sides of Granny Smith and Golden Delicious was significantly higher than for the sunny sides. Fine linear regressions were found between the ANTH, FLAV and CHL indices and the actual anthocyanin, flavonol and chlorophyll concentrations, respectively, which were determined destructively on the apple peel extracts. A negative correlation was found between the apple sugar content and the chlorophyll fluorescence in the far-red spectral band. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that a single multiparametric fluorescence-based sensor can provide valuable non-destructive markers of ripening and quality in apples.
BACKGROUND: The detection of pigments and colourless flavonoids in apples can provide a useful indication of fruit quality. Optical methods are preferable because they are fast and non-destructive. In this study, a fluorescence-based portable sensor was used in order to non-invasively determine the content of chlorophylls, anthocyanins and flavonols in Fuji, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious apple cultivars. The aim was to define new non-destructive optical indices of apple quality. RESULTS: The anthocyanin index (ANTH) in Fuji was higher in the sunny (i.e. sun-exposed) side of the fruit compared to the shady side. For all cultivars, the flavonol index (FLAV) was higher in the sunny side compared with the shady side. The chlorophyll index (CHL) for the shady sides of Granny Smith and Golden Delicious was significantly higher than for the sunny sides. Fine linear regressions were found between the ANTH, FLAV and CHL indices and the actual anthocyanin, flavonol and chlorophyll concentrations, respectively, which were determined destructively on the apple peel extracts. A negative correlation was found between the applesugar content and the chlorophyll fluorescence in the far-red spectral band. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that a single multiparametric fluorescence-based sensor can provide valuable non-destructive markers of ripening and quality in apples.
Authors: Hazem M Kalaji; Gert Schansker; Richard J Ladle; Vasilij Goltsev; Karolina Bosa; Suleyman I Allakhverdiev; Marian Brestic; Filippo Bussotti; Angeles Calatayud; Piotr Dąbrowski; Nabil I Elsheery; Lorenzo Ferroni; Lucia Guidi; Sander W Hogewoning; Anjana Jajoo; Amarendra N Misra; Sergio G Nebauer; Simonetta Pancaldi; Consuelo Penella; DorothyBelle Poli; Martina Pollastrini; Zdzislawa B Romanowska-Duda; Beata Rutkowska; João Serôdio; Kancherla Suresh; Wiesław Szulc; Eduardo Tambussi; Marcos Yanniccari; Marek Zivcak Journal: Photosynth Res Date: 2014-08-15 Impact factor: 3.573