Challenges to preventing infectious complications, decreasing re-hospitalizations, and reducing cost burden in long-term survivors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Even though the overall outcome after allogeneic transplant has improved significantly in the last decades, late infectious diseases are still the most important causes of late morbidity and mortality. Here, impaired immune reconstitution and therapy of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) represent the major risk factors. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of late infectious complications and summarize possible diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to prevent these complications.