Monocytes: super cells for bone regeneration.

Monocytes are progenitor cells that lead the inflammatory cascade reaction responsible for guiding revascularization and regeneration of tissue at injury sites. They do this by secreting inductive cytokines responsible for endothelial cell migration. When released into the peripheral blood, monocytes enter tissues and become macrophages. Monocytes also trigger the body's defense mechanism against microbial invasion by lysing and removing cell debris and dead tissue. The aim of this article is to explain the role of monocytes in the processes of bone healing and regeneration and describe their interaction with stem cells and other entities. Results of a pilot histomorphometric study in which concentrated monocytes were combined with demineralized allograft material to augment implant-placement sites in 2 patients also are presented.