Feasibility of applying forward osmosis to the simultaneous thickening, digestion, and direct dewatering of waste activated sludge.

The feasibility of applying forward osmosis (FO) to the simultaneous thickening, digestion, and dewatering of waste activated sludge was investigated. After 19 days of operation, the total reduction efficiencies of the simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion system in terms of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) were approximately 63.7% and 80%, respectively, and the MLVSS/MLSS ratio continuously decreased from 80.8% to 67.2%. The MLSS concentration reached 39 g/L from an initial amount of 7 g/L, indicating a good thickening efficiency. In using FO for sludge dewatering, two major factors were verified, namely, initial sludge depth and draw solution (DS) concentration. A sludge depth of 3mm, where a dry sludge content of approximately 35% can be achieved in approximately 60 min, is recommended for future applications. In addition, the present study proved the feasibility of using seawater reverse osmosis concentrate as the DS.