Concept to estimate regional inhalation dose of industrially synthesized nanoparticles.

The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in industry is increasing rapidly, but knowledge of the occupational health and safety aspects of NPs is still limited. This is because quantitative NP exposure levels are scarce, and the metrics to describe doses are unclear. This study presents one method for estimating workers' calculated regional inhalation dose of deposited particles from size-fractionated concentrations. It was applied to estimate workers' regional inhalation dose rates and doses separately for NPs and NPs with background particles during NP synthesis. Dose analysis was performed in units of particle number (particles and particles min(-1)), active surface area (μm(2) and μm(2) min(-1)), and mass (ng and ng min(-1)) for three respiratory regions: head airways, tracheobronchial, and alveolar. It was found that in NP synthesis NPs were deposited mainly in the alveolar region in all units. However, when the dose of all particles was examined, it was found that dose and the main deposition region were mainly defined by the synthesized NPs for particle number, as active surface area was described by both NPs and background particles, and mass by background particles. This study provides fundamental data for NP inhalation exposure risk assessment, regulations, dose metrics for NP synthesis, and a basis for defining metrics of dose-biological response and helps us understand the magnitude of doses in NP synthesis. It also illustrates the necessity to obtain size-fractionated measurements of NP concentrations to support accurate dose estimation.