L1 expression and regulation in humans and rodents.

Long interspersed elements type 1 (LINE-1s, or L1s) have impacted mammalian genomes at multiple levels. L1 transcription is mainly controlled by its 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), which differs significantly among active human and rodent L1 families. In this review, L1 expression and its regulation are examined in the context of human and rodent development. First, endogenous L1 expression patterns in three different species-human, rat, and mouse-are compared and contrasted. A detailed account of relevant experimental evidence is presented according to the source material, such as cell lines, tumors, and normal somatic and germline tissues from different developmental stages. Second, factors involved in the regulation of L1 expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels are discussed. These include transcription factors, DNA methylation, PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), RNA interference (RNAi), and posttranscriptional host factors. Similarities and differences between human and rodent L1s are highlighted. Third, recent findings from transgenic mouse models of L1 are summarized and contrasted with those from endogenous L1 studies. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for L1 mouse models are discussed.