| Literature DB >> 22199724 |
Damian Trzybiński1, Karol Krzymiński, Jerzy Błażejowski.
Abstract
In the title compound, C(23)H(20)NO(2) (+)·CF(3)SO(3) (-), the acridine ring system is oriented at a dihedral angle of 23.1 (1)° with respect to the benzene ring and the carboxyl group is twisted at an angle of 74.1 (1)° relative to the acridine skeleton. In the crystal, adjacent cations are linked through C-H⋯π inter-actions and neighboring cations and anions via weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The mean planes of adjacent acridine units are either parallel or inclined at angles of 15.0 (1), 26.9 (1) and 48.1 (1)° in the crystal structure.Entities:
Year: 2011 PMID: 22199724 PMCID: PMC3238871 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811045090
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online ISSN: 1600-5368
| C23H20NO2+·CF3SO3− | |
| Orthorhombic, | Mo |
| Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2ab | Cell parameters from 4734 reflections |
| θ = 3.4–26.0° | |
| µ = 0.21 mm−1 | |
| Needle, yellow | |
| 0.60 × 0.15 × 0.10 mm |
| Oxford Diffraction Gemini R Ultra Ruby CCD diffractometer | 4000 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: enhanced (Mo) X-ray source | 2050 reflections with |
| graphite | |
| Detector resolution: 10.4002 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 25.1°, θmin = 3.5° |
| ω scans | |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan ( | |
| 32535 measured reflections |
| Refinement on | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites | |
| H-atom parameters constrained | |
| 4000 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
| 310 parameters | Δρmax = 0.36 e Å−3 |
| 0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.23 e Å−3 |
| Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
| C1 | 0.7203 (3) | 0.1485 (2) | 0.5953 (2) | 0.0692 (11) | |
| H1 | 0.7452 | 0.0981 | 0.5906 | 0.083* | |
| C2 | 0.7290 (4) | 0.1843 (3) | 0.6520 (2) | 0.0872 (14) | |
| H2 | 0.7599 | 0.1587 | 0.6863 | 0.105* | |
| C3 | 0.6911 (4) | 0.2608 (3) | 0.6593 (2) | 0.0858 (14) | |
| H3 | 0.6977 | 0.2849 | 0.6984 | 0.103* | |
| C4 | 0.6455 (3) | 0.2995 (2) | 0.6105 (2) | 0.0713 (12) | |
| H4 | 0.6197 | 0.3493 | 0.6167 | 0.086* | |
| C5 | 0.5462 (3) | 0.3125 (2) | 0.3893 (2) | 0.0667 (11) | |
| H5 | 0.5235 | 0.3633 | 0.3943 | 0.080* | |
| C6 | 0.5383 (4) | 0.2782 (2) | 0.3321 (2) | 0.0815 (13) | |
| H6 | 0.5102 | 0.3061 | 0.2981 | 0.098* | |
| C7 | 0.5711 (4) | 0.2021 (2) | 0.3224 (2) | 0.0720 (12) | |
| H7 | 0.5637 | 0.1796 | 0.2826 | 0.086* | |
| C8 | 0.6132 (3) | 0.1613 (2) | 0.3704 (2) | 0.0600 (10) | |
| H8 | 0.6365 | 0.1111 | 0.3633 | 0.072* | |
| C9 | 0.6641 (3) | 0.15331 (18) | 0.48358 (18) | 0.0474 (9) | |
| N10 | 0.5964 (2) | 0.30431 (15) | 0.50005 (16) | 0.0503 (7) | |
| C11 | 0.6738 (3) | 0.18708 (19) | 0.54298 (17) | 0.0502 (9) | |
| C12 | 0.6370 (3) | 0.26519 (19) | 0.55098 (19) | 0.0503 (9) | |
| C13 | 0.6231 (2) | 0.19343 (17) | 0.43212 (17) | 0.0452 (9) | |
| C14 | 0.5886 (3) | 0.27166 (18) | 0.44149 (19) | 0.0493 (9) | |
| C15 | 0.7004 (3) | 0.07054 (19) | 0.47513 (17) | 0.0504 (9) | |
| O16 | 0.61431 (18) | 0.02474 (12) | 0.47079 (13) | 0.0576 (7) | |
| O17 | 0.7921 (2) | 0.05008 (14) | 0.47341 (14) | 0.0755 (9) | |
| C18 | 0.6283 (3) | −0.05622 (18) | 0.46459 (19) | 0.0483 (9) | |
| C19 | 0.6315 (3) | −0.09995 (19) | 0.51964 (19) | 0.0518 (9) | |
| C20 | 0.6311 (2) | −0.1796 (2) | 0.5100 (2) | 0.0563 (10) | |
| H20 | 0.6318 | −0.2121 | 0.5451 | 0.068* | |
| C21 | 0.6297 (3) | −0.2116 (2) | 0.4508 (2) | 0.0552 (10) | |
| H21 | 0.6294 | −0.2650 | 0.4468 | 0.066* | |
| C22 | 0.6289 (3) | −0.16674 (19) | 0.39689 (19) | 0.0542 (10) | |
| C23 | 0.6272 (3) | −0.08684 (19) | 0.4050 (2) | 0.0553 (10) | |
| H23 | 0.6252 | −0.0545 | 0.3699 | 0.066* | |
| C24 | 0.6348 (3) | −0.0649 (2) | 0.5843 (2) | 0.0699 (11) | |
| H24A | 0.5841 | −0.0231 | 0.5865 | 0.105* | |
| H24B | 0.7063 | −0.0459 | 0.5927 | 0.105* | |
| H24C | 0.6161 | −0.1032 | 0.6153 | 0.105* | |
| C25 | 0.6290 (4) | −0.2022 (2) | 0.3319 (2) | 0.0846 (13) | |
| H25A | 0.7006 | −0.1995 | 0.3143 | 0.127* | |
| H25B | 0.5796 | −0.1746 | 0.3051 | 0.127* | |
| H25C | 0.6070 | −0.2552 | 0.3348 | 0.127* | |
| C26 | 0.5592 (3) | 0.38590 (18) | 0.5077 (2) | 0.0727 (12) | |
| H26A | 0.5623 | 0.4000 | 0.5517 | 0.109* | |
| H26B | 0.4862 | 0.3906 | 0.4927 | 0.109* | |
| H26C | 0.6054 | 0.4194 | 0.4836 | 0.109* | |
| S27 | 0.44245 (10) | 0.50390 (5) | 0.30301 (6) | 0.0740 (4) | |
| O28 | 0.4254 (3) | 0.43431 (19) | 0.2715 (2) | 0.1310 (14) | |
| O29 | 0.3900 (3) | 0.57019 (19) | 0.2803 (2) | 0.1239 (13) | |
| O30 | 0.4320 (3) | 0.4936 (2) | 0.37051 (17) | 0.1162 (12) | |
| C31 | 0.5832 (5) | 0.5223 (4) | 0.2920 (3) | 0.1130 (19) | |
| F32 | 0.6101 (4) | 0.5876 (3) | 0.3223 (3) | 0.218 (3) | |
| F33 | 0.6458 (3) | 0.4707 (3) | 0.3148 (2) | 0.1741 (18) | |
| F34 | 0.6094 (4) | 0.5364 (4) | 0.2353 (3) | 0.221 (3) |
| C1 | 0.084 (3) | 0.060 (2) | 0.064 (3) | 0.000 (2) | −0.005 (2) | 0.006 (2) |
| C2 | 0.113 (4) | 0.092 (4) | 0.056 (3) | 0.000 (3) | −0.015 (3) | 0.008 (3) |
| C3 | 0.103 (3) | 0.097 (4) | 0.058 (3) | −0.004 (3) | 0.010 (3) | −0.017 (3) |
| C4 | 0.074 (3) | 0.072 (3) | 0.068 (3) | 0.001 (2) | 0.009 (2) | −0.011 (3) |
| C5 | 0.085 (3) | 0.039 (2) | 0.076 (3) | 0.0017 (18) | −0.002 (2) | 0.014 (2) |
| C6 | 0.115 (4) | 0.061 (3) | 0.069 (3) | 0.000 (2) | −0.019 (3) | 0.016 (3) |
| C7 | 0.107 (3) | 0.059 (3) | 0.050 (3) | −0.010 (2) | −0.005 (2) | 0.002 (2) |
| C8 | 0.076 (3) | 0.044 (2) | 0.061 (3) | −0.0047 (17) | 0.006 (2) | −0.002 (2) |
| C9 | 0.0457 (18) | 0.0386 (18) | 0.058 (3) | −0.0028 (14) | 0.0055 (17) | 0.0033 (18) |
| N10 | 0.0522 (16) | 0.0377 (15) | 0.061 (2) | −0.0010 (12) | 0.0015 (15) | −0.0024 (16) |
| C11 | 0.057 (2) | 0.045 (2) | 0.049 (2) | −0.0060 (16) | 0.0012 (18) | 0.0022 (19) |
| C12 | 0.0508 (19) | 0.049 (2) | 0.051 (3) | −0.0053 (16) | 0.0118 (17) | −0.005 (2) |
| C13 | 0.0497 (19) | 0.0353 (18) | 0.051 (2) | −0.0035 (14) | 0.0058 (16) | 0.0035 (18) |
| C14 | 0.052 (2) | 0.0384 (18) | 0.057 (3) | −0.0064 (15) | 0.0017 (18) | 0.0023 (19) |
| C15 | 0.054 (2) | 0.0421 (19) | 0.056 (3) | 0.0008 (17) | 0.0040 (18) | 0.0039 (17) |
| O16 | 0.0504 (14) | 0.0342 (12) | 0.088 (2) | 0.0021 (10) | 0.0011 (13) | 0.0011 (13) |
| O17 | 0.0518 (16) | 0.0522 (15) | 0.123 (3) | 0.0057 (12) | 0.0045 (16) | −0.0069 (16) |
| C18 | 0.0467 (19) | 0.0346 (18) | 0.064 (3) | 0.0009 (14) | −0.0008 (18) | 0.0045 (19) |
| C19 | 0.0448 (19) | 0.048 (2) | 0.062 (3) | −0.0001 (15) | −0.0006 (18) | 0.005 (2) |
| C20 | 0.050 (2) | 0.047 (2) | 0.072 (3) | −0.0021 (16) | −0.0019 (19) | 0.023 (2) |
| C21 | 0.051 (2) | 0.0379 (19) | 0.076 (3) | −0.0014 (15) | −0.0022 (19) | 0.005 (2) |
| C22 | 0.058 (2) | 0.044 (2) | 0.061 (3) | 0.0023 (16) | −0.0029 (19) | 0.003 (2) |
| C23 | 0.061 (2) | 0.042 (2) | 0.062 (3) | 0.0027 (16) | −0.0010 (19) | 0.014 (2) |
| C24 | 0.075 (3) | 0.071 (3) | 0.064 (3) | −0.001 (2) | 0.001 (2) | 0.003 (2) |
| C25 | 0.117 (4) | 0.064 (3) | 0.073 (3) | 0.004 (2) | −0.008 (3) | −0.004 (2) |
| C26 | 0.087 (3) | 0.040 (2) | 0.092 (3) | 0.0105 (19) | 0.001 (2) | −0.013 (2) |
| S27 | 0.1049 (9) | 0.0443 (6) | 0.0728 (9) | 0.0084 (5) | −0.0034 (6) | −0.0028 (6) |
| O28 | 0.172 (4) | 0.080 (2) | 0.141 (4) | 0.003 (2) | −0.026 (3) | −0.040 (2) |
| O29 | 0.140 (3) | 0.080 (2) | 0.152 (4) | 0.027 (2) | −0.003 (3) | 0.034 (2) |
| O30 | 0.166 (4) | 0.112 (3) | 0.071 (2) | 0.007 (2) | 0.020 (2) | 0.007 (2) |
| C31 | 0.130 (5) | 0.102 (4) | 0.108 (5) | −0.007 (4) | 0.007 (4) | 0.029 (4) |
| F32 | 0.187 (4) | 0.143 (4) | 0.323 (8) | −0.075 (3) | −0.048 (4) | 0.026 (4) |
| F33 | 0.110 (3) | 0.186 (4) | 0.227 (5) | 0.038 (2) | 0.005 (2) | 0.091 (3) |
| F34 | 0.167 (4) | 0.357 (7) | 0.139 (4) | 0.025 (4) | 0.059 (3) | 0.111 (5) |
| C1—C2 | 1.354 (6) | O16—C18 | 1.421 (4) |
| C1—C11 | 1.413 (5) | C18—C23 | 1.364 (5) |
| C1—H1 | 0.9300 | C18—C19 | 1.388 (5) |
| C2—C3 | 1.415 (6) | C19—C20 | 1.397 (5) |
| C2—H2 | 0.9300 | C19—C24 | 1.495 (5) |
| C3—C4 | 1.352 (6) | C20—C21 | 1.367 (5) |
| C3—H3 | 0.9300 | C20—H20 | 0.9300 |
| C4—C12 | 1.394 (5) | C21—C22 | 1.378 (5) |
| C4—H4 | 0.9300 | C21—H21 | 0.9300 |
| C5—C6 | 1.349 (6) | C22—C23 | 1.396 (5) |
| C5—C14 | 1.411 (5) | C22—C25 | 1.503 (6) |
| C5—H5 | 0.9300 | C23—H23 | 0.9300 |
| C6—C7 | 1.397 (6) | C24—H24A | 0.9600 |
| C6—H6 | 0.9300 | C24—H24B | 0.9600 |
| C7—C8 | 1.340 (5) | C24—H24C | 0.9600 |
| C7—H7 | 0.9300 | C25—H25A | 0.9600 |
| C8—C13 | 1.421 (5) | C25—H25B | 0.9600 |
| C8—H8 | 0.9300 | C25—H25C | 0.9600 |
| C9—C13 | 1.386 (5) | C26—H26A | 0.9600 |
| C9—C11 | 1.389 (5) | C26—H26B | 0.9600 |
| C9—C15 | 1.514 (5) | C26—H26C | 0.9600 |
| N10—C14 | 1.363 (4) | S27—O28 | 1.394 (3) |
| N10—C12 | 1.366 (4) | S27—O29 | 1.404 (3) |
| N10—C26 | 1.496 (4) | S27—O30 | 1.441 (4) |
| C11—C12 | 1.439 (5) | S27—C31 | 1.784 (7) |
| C13—C14 | 1.436 (4) | C31—F34 | 1.264 (6) |
| C15—O17 | 1.188 (4) | C31—F33 | 1.276 (6) |
| C15—O16 | 1.331 (4) | C31—F32 | 1.343 (7) |
| C2—C1—C11 | 120.4 (4) | C23—C18—O16 | 117.9 (3) |
| C2—C1—H1 | 119.8 | C19—C18—O16 | 117.8 (3) |
| C11—C1—H1 | 119.8 | C18—C19—C20 | 114.7 (4) |
| C1—C2—C3 | 120.0 (4) | C18—C19—C24 | 122.9 (3) |
| C1—C2—H2 | 120.0 | C20—C19—C24 | 122.4 (4) |
| C3—C2—H2 | 120.0 | C21—C20—C19 | 122.3 (4) |
| C4—C3—C2 | 121.4 (4) | C21—C20—H20 | 118.8 |
| C4—C3—H3 | 119.3 | C19—C20—H20 | 118.8 |
| C2—C3—H3 | 119.3 | C20—C21—C22 | 121.7 (3) |
| C3—C4—C12 | 120.4 (4) | C20—C21—H21 | 119.2 |
| C3—C4—H4 | 119.8 | C22—C21—H21 | 119.2 |
| C12—C4—H4 | 119.8 | C21—C22—C23 | 117.3 (4) |
| C6—C5—C14 | 120.3 (4) | C21—C22—C25 | 121.4 (3) |
| C6—C5—H5 | 119.8 | C23—C22—C25 | 121.2 (4) |
| C14—C5—H5 | 119.8 | C18—C23—C22 | 120.0 (3) |
| C5—C6—C7 | 121.7 (4) | C18—C23—H23 | 120.0 |
| C5—C6—H6 | 119.1 | C22—C23—H23 | 120.0 |
| C7—C6—H6 | 119.1 | C19—C24—H24A | 109.5 |
| C8—C7—C6 | 120.1 (4) | C19—C24—H24B | 109.5 |
| C8—C7—H7 | 120.0 | H24A—C24—H24B | 109.5 |
| C6—C7—H7 | 120.0 | C19—C24—H24C | 109.5 |
| C7—C8—C13 | 121.3 (3) | H24A—C24—H24C | 109.5 |
| C7—C8—H8 | 119.3 | H24B—C24—H24C | 109.5 |
| C13—C8—H8 | 119.3 | C22—C25—H25A | 109.5 |
| C13—C9—C11 | 121.8 (3) | C22—C25—H25B | 109.5 |
| C13—C9—C15 | 119.5 (3) | H25A—C25—H25B | 109.5 |
| C11—C9—C15 | 118.7 (3) | C22—C25—H25C | 109.5 |
| C14—N10—C12 | 122.2 (3) | H25A—C25—H25C | 109.5 |
| C14—N10—C26 | 118.0 (3) | H25B—C25—H25C | 109.5 |
| C12—N10—C26 | 119.8 (3) | N10—C26—H26A | 109.5 |
| C9—C11—C1 | 122.7 (3) | N10—C26—H26B | 109.5 |
| C9—C11—C12 | 118.4 (3) | H26A—C26—H26B | 109.5 |
| C1—C11—C12 | 118.9 (3) | N10—C26—H26C | 109.5 |
| N10—C12—C4 | 121.6 (3) | H26A—C26—H26C | 109.5 |
| N10—C12—C11 | 119.4 (3) | H26B—C26—H26C | 109.5 |
| C4—C12—C11 | 118.9 (4) | O28—S27—O29 | 118.4 (3) |
| C9—C13—C8 | 123.5 (3) | O28—S27—O30 | 110.5 (2) |
| C9—C13—C14 | 118.4 (3) | O29—S27—O30 | 113.4 (2) |
| C8—C13—C14 | 118.1 (3) | O28—S27—C31 | 103.9 (3) |
| N10—C14—C5 | 121.7 (3) | O29—S27—C31 | 105.1 (3) |
| N10—C14—C13 | 119.8 (3) | O30—S27—C31 | 103.8 (3) |
| C5—C14—C13 | 118.5 (3) | F34—C31—F33 | 109.8 (6) |
| O17—C15—O16 | 125.6 (3) | F34—C31—F32 | 102.9 (6) |
| O17—C15—C9 | 124.7 (3) | F33—C31—F32 | 105.2 (6) |
| O16—C15—C9 | 109.7 (3) | F34—C31—S27 | 114.0 (5) |
| C15—O16—C18 | 119.9 (2) | F33—C31—S27 | 114.6 (5) |
| C23—C18—C19 | 124.0 (3) | F32—C31—S27 | 109.3 (5) |
| C11—C1—C2—C3 | 0.1 (6) | C9—C13—C14—N10 | −0.3 (4) |
| C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.2 (7) | C8—C13—C14—N10 | 179.7 (3) |
| C2—C3—C4—C12 | −1.5 (7) | C9—C13—C14—C5 | −179.6 (3) |
| C14—C5—C6—C7 | 0.1 (6) | C8—C13—C14—C5 | 0.4 (5) |
| C5—C6—C7—C8 | −1.0 (7) | C13—C9—C15—O17 | 105.8 (4) |
| C6—C7—C8—C13 | 1.6 (6) | C11—C9—C15—O17 | −73.8 (5) |
| C13—C9—C11—C1 | −176.8 (3) | C13—C9—C15—O16 | −74.9 (4) |
| C15—C9—C11—C1 | 2.8 (5) | C11—C9—C15—O16 | 105.5 (3) |
| C13—C9—C11—C12 | 1.7 (5) | O17—C15—O16—C18 | 1.2 (6) |
| C15—C9—C11—C12 | −178.7 (3) | C9—C15—O16—C18 | −178.1 (3) |
| C2—C1—C11—C9 | 179.2 (4) | C15—O16—C18—C23 | −95.3 (4) |
| C2—C1—C11—C12 | 0.7 (5) | C15—O16—C18—C19 | 91.0 (4) |
| C14—N10—C12—C4 | 179.4 (3) | C23—C18—C19—C20 | −1.3 (5) |
| C26—N10—C12—C4 | −0.3 (5) | O16—C18—C19—C20 | 172.0 (3) |
| C14—N10—C12—C11 | 0.4 (5) | C23—C18—C19—C24 | 178.8 (3) |
| C26—N10—C12—C11 | −179.2 (3) | O16—C18—C19—C24 | −7.9 (5) |
| C3—C4—C12—N10 | −176.6 (4) | C18—C19—C20—C21 | 1.1 (5) |
| C3—C4—C12—C11 | 2.3 (5) | C24—C19—C20—C21 | −178.9 (3) |
| C9—C11—C12—N10 | −1.5 (5) | C19—C20—C21—C22 | 0.2 (5) |
| C1—C11—C12—N10 | 177.0 (3) | C20—C21—C22—C23 | −1.4 (5) |
| C9—C11—C12—C4 | 179.5 (3) | C20—C21—C22—C25 | 179.1 (3) |
| C1—C11—C12—C4 | −1.9 (5) | C19—C18—C23—C22 | 0.1 (5) |
| C11—C9—C13—C8 | 179.1 (3) | O16—C18—C23—C22 | −173.1 (3) |
| C15—C9—C13—C8 | −0.4 (5) | C21—C22—C23—C18 | 1.2 (5) |
| C11—C9—C13—C14 | −0.8 (5) | C25—C22—C23—C18 | −179.3 (3) |
| C15—C9—C13—C14 | 179.6 (3) | O28—S27—C31—F34 | 67.3 (6) |
| C7—C8—C13—C9 | 178.7 (3) | O29—S27—C31—F34 | −57.8 (6) |
| C7—C8—C13—C14 | −1.3 (5) | O30—S27—C31—F34 | −177.1 (6) |
| C12—N10—C14—C5 | 179.8 (3) | O28—S27—C31—F33 | −60.5 (6) |
| C26—N10—C14—C5 | −0.5 (5) | O29—S27—C31—F33 | 174.5 (5) |
| C12—N10—C14—C13 | 0.5 (4) | O30—S27—C31—F33 | 55.1 (6) |
| C26—N10—C14—C13 | −179.8 (3) | O28—S27—C31—F32 | −178.2 (5) |
| C6—C5—C14—N10 | −179.2 (4) | O29—S27—C31—F32 | 56.7 (5) |
| C6—C5—C14—C13 | 0.2 (5) | O30—S27—C31—F32 | −62.6 (5) |
| H··· | ||||
| C4—H4···O29i | 0.93 | 2.59 | 3.257 (5) | 129 |
| C5—H5···O30 | 0.93 | 2.58 | 3.466 (5) | 160 |
| C6—H6···O28 | 0.93 | 2.52 | 3.303 (5) | 142 |
| C7—H7···O29ii | 0.93 | 2.39 | 3.188 (5) | 144 |
| C20—H20···Cg2iii | 0.93 | 2.81 | 3.439 (4) | 126 |
| C25—H25B···O28ii | 0.96 | 2.49 | 3.289 (5) | 141 |
| C26—H26A···O30i | 0.96 | 2.47 | 3.314 (5) | 146 |
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
Cg2 is the centroid of the C1–C4/C11/C12 benzene ring.
| H⋯ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C4—H4⋯O29i | 0.93 | 2.59 | 3.257 (5) | 129 |
| C5—H5⋯O30 | 0.93 | 2.58 | 3.466 (5) | 160 |
| C6—H6⋯O28 | 0.93 | 2.52 | 3.303 (5) | 142 |
| C7—H7⋯O29ii | 0.93 | 2.39 | 3.188 (5) | 144 |
| C20—H20⋯ | 0.93 | 2.81 | 3.439 (4) | 126 |
| C25—H25 | 0.96 | 2.49 | 3.289 (5) | 141 |
| C26—H26 | 0.96 | 2.47 | 3.314 (5) | 146 |
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .