OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze cytokine profiles in amniotic fluid (AF) samples of children developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and controls, adjusting for maternal autoimmune disorders and maternal infections during pregnancy. METHODS: AF samples of 331 ASD cases and 698 controls were analyzed for inflammatory cytokines using Luminex xMAP technology utilizing a historic birth cohort. Clinical data were retrieved from nationwide registers, and case-control differences in AF cytokine levels were assessed using chi-square tests, logistic and tobit regression models. RESULTS: Overall, individuals with ASD had significantly elevated AF levels of TNF-α and TNF-β compared to controls. Analyzing individuals diagnosed only with ICD-10 codes yielded significantly elevated levels of IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α and TNF-β in ASD patients. Restricting analysis to infantile autism cases showed significantly elevated levels of IL-4, TNF-α and TNF-β compared to controls with no psychiatric comorbidities. Elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-5 were found in individuals with other childhood psychiatric disorders (OCPD) when compared to controls with no psychiatric comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: AF samples of individuals with ASD or OCPD showed differential cytokine profiles compared to frequency-matched controls. Further studies to examine the specificity of the reported cytokine profiles in ASD and OCPD are required.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze cytokine profiles in amniotic fluid (AF) samples of children developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and controls, adjusting for maternal autoimmune disorders and maternal infections during pregnancy. METHODS:AF samples of 331 ASD cases and 698 controls were analyzed for inflammatory cytokines using Luminex xMAP technology utilizing a historic birth cohort. Clinical data were retrieved from nationwide registers, and case-control differences in AF cytokine levels were assessed using chi-square tests, logistic and tobit regression models. RESULTS: Overall, individuals with ASD had significantly elevated AF levels of TNF-α and TNF-β compared to controls. Analyzing individuals diagnosed only with ICD-10 codes yielded significantly elevated levels of IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α and TNF-β in ASDpatients. Restricting analysis to infantile autism cases showed significantly elevated levels of IL-4, TNF-α and TNF-β compared to controls with no psychiatric comorbidities. Elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-5 were found in individuals with other childhood psychiatric disorders (OCPD) when compared to controls with no psychiatric comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS:AF samples of individuals with ASD or OCPD showed differential cytokine profiles compared to frequency-matched controls. Further studies to examine the specificity of the reported cytokine profiles in ASD and OCPD are required.
Authors: J L Allen; G Oberdorster; K Morris-Schaffer; C Wong; C Klocke; M Sobolewski; K Conrad; M Mayer-Proschel; D A Cory-Slechta Journal: Neurotoxicology Date: 2015-12-22 Impact factor: 4.294
Authors: Jessica L Irwin; Alison J Yeates; Maria S Mulhern; Emeir M McSorley; J J Strain; Gene E Watson; Katherine Grzesik; Sally W Thurston; Tanzy M Love; Tristram H Smith; Daniel W Mruzek; Conrad F Shamlaye; Catriona Monthy; Gary J Myers; Philip W Davidson; Edwin van Wijngaarden Journal: Mol Neurobiol Date: 2018-11-14 Impact factor: 5.590
Authors: Sarah Canetta; Andre Sourander; Heljä-Marja Surcel; Susanna Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki; Jaana Leiviskä; Christoph Kellendonk; Ian W McKeague; Alan S Brown Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2014-09 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: Jessica L Irwin; Emeir M McSorley; Alison J Yeates; Maria S Mulhern; J J Strain; Gene E Watson; Katherine Grzesik; Sally W Thurston; Tanzy M Love; Tristram H Smith; Karin Broberg; Conrad F Shamlaye; Gary J Myers; Philip W Davidson; Edwin van Wijngaarden Journal: J Neuroimmunol Date: 2019-08-14 Impact factor: 3.478
Authors: Irene Knuesel; Laurie Chicha; Markus Britschgi; Scott A Schobel; Michael Bodmer; Jessica A Hellings; Stephen Toovey; Eric P Prinssen Journal: Nat Rev Neurol Date: 2014-10-14 Impact factor: 42.937
Authors: Benjamin C Nephew; Alexandra Nemeth; Neelakshi Hudda; Gillian Beamer; Phyllis Mann; Jocelyn Petitto; Ryan Cali; Marcelo Febo; Praveen Kulkarni; Guillaume Poirier; Jean King; John L Durant; Doug Brugge Journal: Environ Res Date: 2020-02-17 Impact factor: 6.498
Authors: Jared J Schwartzer; Milo Careaga; Morgan A Coburn; Destanie R Rose; Heather K Hughes; Paul Ashwood Journal: Brain Behav Immun Date: 2016-09-10 Impact factor: 7.217