Management of pulmonary hypertension and Down syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS) is strongly associated with pulmonary hypertension, but there are many causes requiring a multi-disciplinary approach to the problem. Nearly half of children with DS have upper airway obstruction and the same proportion have congenital heart disease, both of which may cause pulmonary hypertension. Additional problems include pulmonary hypoplasia, structural lung disease and gastro-oesophageal reflux. It is no longer acceptable to ignore these symptoms as early treatment may be preventative.