Oil-in-water Pickering emulsion destabilisation at low particle concentrations.

Droplet evolution in unstable, dilute oil-in-water Pickering emulsions was characterised using a combination of light scattering, confocal microscopy and rheology. Emulsions were formed at concentrations of silanised fumed silica particles that are not sufficient to prevent destabilisation. The key result is that destabilisation initially occurs via a combination of droplet flocculation and permeation. Close contact between the drops enhances oil transfer from smaller drops to the larger ones. The large drops swell over time until the attached particle density is insufficient to protect the drops against coalescence. Examination of the emulsion microstructure revealed the relationship between drop stability and the structural characteristics of the aggregates formed due to coagulation of the silica particles in the emulsions. The implications of these results for controlling Pickering emulsion stability are discussed.