Ecological and evolutionary importance of neighbors in the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum.

A field experiment was performed to estimate the relative importance of neighbors and the rest of the environment for the growth, mortality and reproductive output of cloned individuals of the perennial bunchgrass Anthoxanthum odoratum. Single cloned Anthoxanthum tillers (targets) were reciprocally transplanted between a xeric and a mesic grassland site with one of four neighbor treatments: (1) no neighbors, (2) Anthoxanthum neighbors transplanted from the xeric site, (3) Anthoxanthum neighbors from the mesic site, and (4) Holcus lanatus neighbors. Targets without neighbors had a twofold higher two year reproductive output (RO) than those with neighbors, but there was no difference among neighbor treatments. No overall site effect on two year RO was found, because the site with the highest mortality among targets produced larger plants, with more inflorescences. Neighborhood competition was more intense at the xeric site than at the mesic site. The effects of environmental and neighborhood variation on Anthoxanthum were additive, rather than interactive. Population origin did not affect target performance significantly. Anthoxanthum neighbors of different origin did respond differentially to transplant site. There was a strong target genotype x site interaction, but no genotype x neighborhood interaction.