Antonio M Risitano1. 1. Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy. amrisita@unina.it
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immunosuppression is a key treatment strategy for patients suffering from aplastic anemia or related immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndromes. Several attempts have been performed to improve the standard immunosuppression regimen of horse antithymocyte globulin (h-ATG) and cyclosporine A (CyA). RECENT FINDINGS: The addition of a third immunosuppression agent to h-ATG + CyA did not result in any improvement. Antilymphocyte agents other than h-ATG have been investigated. A rabbit-ATG preparation, which was known to be more immunosuppressive than h-ATG, resulted in markedly inferior outcome in a large randomized study from the National Institutes of Health. These data seem to be confirmed in additional experiences with rabbit-ATG from other groups. Cyclophosphamide and alemtuzumab have been proven to be biologically active in small studies, but available data suggest inferior outcomes when compared with h-ATG. All these alternative agents result in a more pronounced lymphocyte depletion, suggesting that the actual mechanisms of action of immunosuppressive therapy in aplastic anemia are not fully understood. SUMMARY: Immunosuppression by h-ATG and CyA remains the standard of care for aplastic anemia patients lacking a low-risk transplant procedure, resulting in a 60-70% response rate. Rabbit-ATG, cyclophosphamide and alemtuzumab demonstrated a biological activity, but resulted in inferior outcome as compared with h-ATG; thus, they are not recommended as front-line therapy of aplastic anemia.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immunosuppression is a key treatment strategy for patients suffering from aplastic anemia or related immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndromes. Several attempts have been performed to improve the standard immunosuppression regimen of horse antithymocyte globulin (h-ATG) and cyclosporine A (CyA). RECENT FINDINGS: The addition of a third immunosuppression agent to h-ATG + CyA did not result in any improvement. Antilymphocyte agents other than h-ATG have been investigated. A rabbit-ATG preparation, which was known to be more immunosuppressive than h-ATG, resulted in markedly inferior outcome in a large randomized study from the National Institutes of Health. These data seem to be confirmed in additional experiences with rabbit-ATG from other groups. Cyclophosphamide and alemtuzumab have been proven to be biologically active in small studies, but available data suggest inferior outcomes when compared with h-ATG. All these alternative agents result in a more pronounced lymphocyte depletion, suggesting that the actual mechanisms of action of immunosuppressive therapy in aplastic anemia are not fully understood. SUMMARY: Immunosuppression by h-ATG and CyA remains the standard of care for aplastic anemiapatients lacking a low-risk transplant procedure, resulting in a 60-70% response rate. Rabbit-ATG, cyclophosphamide and alemtuzumab demonstrated a biological activity, but resulted in inferior outcome as compared with h-ATG; thus, they are not recommended as front-line therapy of aplastic anemia.
Authors: Antonia M S Müller; Mareike Florek; Holbrook E K Kohrt; Natascha J Küpper; Alexander Filatenkov; Jessica A Linderman; Husein Hadeiba; Robert S Negrin; Judith A Shizuru Journal: J Immunol Date: 2016-10-10 Impact factor: 5.422
Authors: Rami S Komrokji; Adam W Mailloux; Dung-Tsa Chen; Mikkael A Sekeres; Ronald Paquette; William J Fulp; Chiharu Sugimori; Jennifer Paleveda-Pena; Jaroslaw P Maciejewski; Alan F List; Pearlie K Epling-Burnette Journal: Haematologica Date: 2014-01-31 Impact factor: 9.941