Omics of root-to-shoot signaling under salt stress and water deficit.

Maximizing crop yield depends on the leaves receiving an optimal supply of water, mineral nutrients, small organic molecules, proteins, and hormones from the root system via the xylem. Soil drying and salinization alter these xylem fluxes, and modern omics techniques offer unparalleled opportunities to understand the complexity of these responses. Although absolute xylem concentrations of any constituent depend on the genotype and xylem sap sampling methodology, analysis of the relative changes in concentrations has revealed some conserved behavior. Typically, these stresses increase xylem concentrations of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) that limits crop water loss, but decrease the concentrations of certain cytokinins that stimulate expansive growth and prevent premature leaf senescence. Further understanding of the ionic and biophysical alterations in the rhizosphere environment that cause increased xylem concentrations of the ethylene precursor (ACC) is needed. Interactions of these plant hormones with plant nutrient status and xylem nutrient delivery may be important in tuning plant responses to their environment. Xylem proteomics is an emerging area that will help understand mechanisms of plant stress adaptation. Using omics techniques to underpin rootstock-mediate plant improvement is likely to improve crop yields in dry or saline soil.