The management of bladder lithiasis in the modern era of endourology.

The recent evolution in the management of vesical lithiasis is a result of the major advancements of modern endourology. The ideal method for achieving stone clearance, however, remains an issue of debate and evidence-based recommendations are lacking. Contemporary literature focuses on management options, such as extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, transurethral, percutaneous and minimally-invasive surgery, as well as state-of-the-art energy sources. Issues of particular interest include the results of comparative studies, the management of lithiasis in the paediatric population and the recent challenge of the traditional dogma that dictated BPH surgery for the management of vesical lithiasis secondary to bladder outlet obstruction.