Aerobic granulation with low strength wastewater at low aeration rate in A/O/A SBR reactor.

The formation of aerobic granules with low organic loading synthetic wastewater (150-200 mg L(-1) of influent COD, acetate/propionate=1/3) at low aeration rate (0.6 cm s(-1) of superficial gas velocity) had been investigated in the anaerobic/oxic/anoxic SBR. Aerobic granules with smooth surface and compact structure were successfully obtained after 50 days. However, these aerobic granules were unstable when the d(0.9) of granules increased to more than 1 mm. The results suggested that the aerobic granules with small diameter (smaller than 1000 μm) were more favorable for treating the low substrate loading wastewater at the low aeration rate. The cycle test revealed that most of the influent COD was removed at the anaerobic stage. The effluent concentrations of N-NH(4)(+) and P-PO(4)(3-) were lower than 1 mg L(-1), and the effluent concentration of nitrate gradually decreased with the granulation. Phosphate accumulating organisms were found to utilize O(2) or NO(x)(-) as electron acceptor for phosphorus removal in the study. Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal occurred inside the granules. Crown