Analytical expression of Kondo temperature in quantum dot embedded in Aharonov-Bohm ring.

We theoretically study the Kondo effect in a quantum dot embedded in an Aharonov-Bohm ring, using the "poor man's" scaling method. Analytical expressions of the Kondo temperature TK are given as a function of magnetic flux Φ penetrating the ring. In this Kondo problem, there are two characteristic lengths, Lc=ℏvF∕|ε̃0| and LK = ħvF = TK, where vF is the Fermi velocity and ε̃0 is the renormalized energy level in the quantum dot. The former is the screening length of the charge fluctuation and the latter is that of the spin fluctuation, i.e., size of Kondo screening cloud. We obtain diferent expressions of TK(Φ) for (i) Lc ≪ LK ≪ L, (ii) Lc ≪ L ≪ LK, and (iii) L ≪ Lc ≪ LK, where L is the size of the ring. TK is remarkably modulated by Φ in cases (ii) and (iii), whereas it hardly depends on Φ in case (i).PACS numbers:

Introduction

Since the first observation of the Kondo effect in semiconductor quantum dots [1-3], various aspects of Kondo physics have been revealed, owing to the artificial tunability and flexibility of the systems, e.g., an enhanced Kondo effect with an even number of electrons at the spin-singlet-triplet degeneracy [4], the SU(4) Kondo effect with S = 1/2 and orbital degeneracy [5], and the bonding and antibonding states between the Kondo resonant levels in coupled quantum dots [6,7]. One of the major issues which still remain unsolved in the Kondo physics is the observation of the Kondo singlet state, so-called Kondo screening cloud. The size of the screening cloud is evaluated as LK = ħvF/TK, where vF is the Fermi velocity and TK is the Kondo temperature. There have been several theoretical works on LK, e.g., ring-size dependence of the persistent current in an isolated ring with an embedded quantum dot [8], Friedel oscillation around a magnetic impurity in metal [9], and spin-spin correlation function [10,11].

We focus on the Kondo effect in a quantum dot embedded in an Aharonov-Bohm (AB) ring. In this system, the conductance shows an asymmetric resonance as a function of energy level in the quantum dot, so-called Fano-Kondo effect. This is due to the coexistence of one-body interference effect and many-body Kondo effect, which was studied by the equation-of-motion method with the Green function [12], the numerical renormalization group method [13], the Bethe ansatz [14], the density-matrix renormalization group method [15], etc. This Fano-Kondo resonance was observed experimentally [16]. The interference effect on the value of TK, however, has not been fully understood [17,18].

In our previous work [19], we examined this problem in the small limit of AB ring using the scaling method [20]. Our theoretical method is as follows. First, we create an equivalent model in which a quantum dot is coupled to a single lead. The AB interference effect is involved in the flux-dependent density of states in the lead. Second, the two-stage scaling method is applied to the reduced model, to renormalize the energy level in the quantum dot by taking into account the charge fluctuation and evaluate TK by taking spin fluctuation [21]. This method yields TK in an analytical form.

The purpose of this article is to derive an analytical expression of TK for the finite size of the AB ring, using our theoretical method. We find two characteristic lengths. One is the screening length of the charge fluctuation, with being the renormalized energy level in the quantum dot, which appears in the first stage of the scaling. The other is the size of Kondo screening cloud, LK, which is naturally obtained in the second stage. In consequence, the analytical expression of TK is different for situations (i) Lc ≪ LK ≪ L, (ii) Lc ≪ L ≪ LK, and (iii) L ≪ Lc ≪ LK, where L is the size of the ring. We show that TK strongly depends on the magnetic flux Φ penetrating the AB ring in cases (ii) and (iii), whereas it hardly depends on Φ in case (i).

Model

Our model is shown in Figure 1a. A quantum dot with an energy level ε0 is connected to two external leads by tunnel couplings, VL and VR. Another arm of the AB ring (reference arm) and external leads are represented by a one-dimensional tight-binding model with transfer integral -t and lattice constant a. The size of the ring is given by L = (2l + 1)a. The reference arm includes a tunnel barrier with transmission probability of Tb = 4x/(1 + x)2 with x = (W/t)2. The AB phase is denoted by ϕ = 2πΦ/Φ0, with flux quantum Φ0 = h/e. The Hamiltonian is

Figure 1

(a) Model for an Aharonov-Bohm (AB) ring with an embedded quantum dot. A quantum dot with an energy level ε0 is connected to two external leads by tunnel couplings, Vand V. Another arm of the AB ring (reference arm) and external leads are represented by a one-dimensional tight-binding model. The reference arm includes a tunnel barrier with transfer integral W. The magnetic flux Φ penetrating the ring is considered as an AB phase ϕ = 2πΦ/Φ0 with flux quantum Φ0 = h/e. (b) The density of states in the lead for the reduced model, ν(ε) in Eq. (6). ν(ε) oscillates with the period of εT, the Thouless energy for the ballistic systems. Its amplitude and phase depend on the AB phase ϕ.

where and dare creation and annihilation operators, respectively, of an electron in the quantum dot with spin σ. and aare those at site i with spin σ in the leads and the reference arm of the ring. is the number operator in the dot with spin σ. U is the charging energy in the dot.

We consider the Coulomb blockade regime with one electron in the dot, -ε0, ε0 + U ≫ Γ, where Γ = ΓL + Γ is the level broadening. , with ν0 being the local density of states at the end of semi-infinite leads. We analyze the vicinity of the electron-hole symmetry of -ε0 ≈ ε0 + U.

We create an equivalent model to the Hamiltonian (1), following Ref. [19]. First, we diagonalize the Hamiltonian Hleads+ring for the outer region of the quantum dot. There are two eigenstates for a given wavenumber k; |ψk,→〉 represents an incident wave from the left and partly reflected to the left and partly transmitted to the right, whereas |ψ,←〉 represents an incident wave from the right and partly reflected to the right and partly transmitted to the left. Next, we perform a unitary transformation for these eigenstates

where Aand Bare determined so that with dot state |d〉. In consequence, mode |ψ〉 is coupled to the dot via HT, whereas is completely decoupled.

Neglecting the decoupled mode, we obtain the equivalent model in which a quantum dot is coupled to a single lead. In a wide-band limit, the Hamiltonian is written as

with and density of states in the lead

Here, D0 is the half of the band width, kF is the Fermi wavenumber, Rb = 1 - Tb, and

where α = 4ΓLΓR/(ΓL + ΓR)2 is the asymmetric factor for the tunnel couplings of quantum dot.

The AB interference effect is involved in the flux-dependent density of states in the lead, υ(ε) in Eq. (6). As schematically shown in Figure 1(b), υ(ε) oscillates with the period of εT, where εT = ħvF/L is the Thouless energy for the ballistic systems. We assume that εT ≪ D0.

Scaling analysis

We apply the two-stage scaling method to the reduced model. In the first stage, we consider the charge fluctuation at energies of D ≫ |ε0|. In this region, the number of electrons in the quantum dot is 0, 1, or 2. We reduce the energy scale from bandwidth D0 to D1 where the charge fluctuation is quenched. By integrating out the excitations in the energy range of D1 < D < D0, we renormalize the energy level in the quantum dot ε0. In the second stage of scaling, we consider the spin fluctuation at low energies of D < D1. We make the Kondo Hamiltonian and evaluate the Kondo temperature.

Renormalization of energy level

In the first stage, the charge fluctuation is taken into account. We denote E0, E1, and E2 for the energies of the empty state, singly occupied state, and doubly occupied state in the quantum dot, respectively. Then the energy levels in the quantum dot are given by ε0 = E1 - E0 for the first electron and ε1 = E2 - E1 for the second electron. When the bandwidth is reduced from D to D - |dD|, E0, E1, and E2 are renormalized to E0 + dE0, E1 + dE1, and E2 + dE2, where

within the second-order perturbation with respect to tunnel coupling V. For D ≫ |E1 - E0|, |E2 - E1|, they yield the scaling equations for the energy levels

where i = 0, 1 and

By the integration of the scaling equation from D0 to , we renormalize the energy levels in the quantum dot εto :

where

Si(x) goes to 0 as x → 0 and π/2 as x → ∞.

From Equation 10, we conclude that

when , and when . These results can be rewritten in terms of length scale. We introduce , which corresponds to the screening length of charge fluctuation. When L ≪ Lc, the renormalized level is given by Equation 11. When L ≫ Lc, the energy level is hardly renormalized and is independent of ϕ.

Renormalization of exchange coupling

In the second stage, we consider the spin fluctuation at low energies of D < D1. For the purpose, we make the Kondo Hamiltonian via the Schrieffer-Wolff transformation,

where , and are the spin operators in the quantum dot. The density of states in the lead is given by Equation 6 and half of the band width is now . Hrepresents the exchange coupling between spin 1/2 in the dot and spin of conduction electrons, whereas Hrepresents the potential scattering of the conduction electrons by the quantum dot. The coupling constants are given by

By changing the bandwidth, we renormalize the coupling constants J and K so as not to change the low-energy physics within the second-order perturbation with respect to Hand H. Then we obtain the scaling equations of

The energy scale D where the fixed point (J → ∞) is reached yields the Kondo temperature.

Scaling equations (15) and (16) are analyzed in two extreme cases. In the case of D ≫ εT, the oscillating part of the density of states ν(ε) is averaged out in the integration [22]. Then the scaling equations are effectively rewritten as

In the case of D ≪ εT, the expansion around the fixed point [23] yields

where ξ = D/TK - 1 and

Now we evaluate the Kondo temperature in situations (i) Lc ≪ LK ≪ L, (ii) Lc ≪ L ≪ LK, and (iii) L ≪ Lc ≪ LK, where LK = νFħ/TK. In situation (i), εT ≪ TK and thus J and K follow Equations 17 and 18 until the scaling ends at D ≃ TK. Integration of Equation 17 from D1 to TK yields

where .

In situation (iii), D1 ≪ εT. Then the scaling equations (19) and (20) are valid in the whole scaling region (TK

where f(ϕ) = [1 - f(kFL + π/2, ϕ)]-1.

In situation (ii), TK ≪ εT ≪ D1. The coupling constants, J and K, are renormalized following Equations 17 and 18 when D is reduced from D1 to εT and following Equations 19 and 20 when D is reduced from εT to TK. We match the solutions of the respective equations around D = εT and obtain

where γ ≈ 0.57721 is the Euler constant.

The different expressions of TK(ϕ) in the three situations can be explained intuitively. In situation (i), εT ≪ TK. Then the oscillating part of the density of states ν(ε) with period εT is averaged out in the scaling procedure (Figure 2a). As a result, the magnetic-flux dependence of TK disappears. In situation (iii), TK ≪ εT. Then ν(ε) is almost constant in the scaling (Figure 2c). The Kondo temperature significantly depends on the magnetic flux through the constant value of ν(0) at the Fermi level.

Figure 2

Schematic drawing of the density of states in the lead for the reduced model, in situations (a) . The half of band width is D1 ≃ |ε0| in the second stage of scaling. In situation (a), εT ≪ TK ≪ |ε0|. The oscillating part of ν(ε) is averaged out in the integration of scaling equations. In consequence, the Kondo temperature TK does not depend on the ring size nor AB phase ϕ of the magnetic flux penetrating the ring. In situation (b), TK ≪ εT ≪ |ε0|. Then the Thouless energy εT acts as the high energy cut off. ϕ-dependence of TK is determined by the ratio of εT to TK. In situation (c), TK ≪ |ε0| ≪ εT. The density of states is almost constant. In this case, TK reflects the density of states at the Fermi level, ν(0).

Conclusions

We have theoretically studied the Kondo effect in a quantum dot embedded in an AB ring. The two-stage scaling method yields an analytical expression of the Kondo temperature TK as a function of AB phase ϕ of the magnetic flux penetrating the ring. We have obtained different expressions of TK(ϕ) for (i) Lc ≪ LK ≪ L, (ii) Lc ≪ L ≪ LK, and (iii) L ≪ Lc ≪ LK, where L is the size of the ring, is the screening length of the charge fluctuation, and LK = ħνF/TK is the screening length of the charge fluctuation, i.e., size of Kondo screening cloud. TK strongly depends on ϕ in cases (ii) and (iii), whereas it hardly depends on ϕ in case (i).

Abbreviation

AB: Aharonov-Bohm.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.