Approaching charge balance in organic light-emitting diodes by tuning charge injection barriers with mixed monolayers.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of binary mixtures of 1-butylphosphonic acid and the trifluoromethyl-terminated analogue (4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butylphosphonic acid) were formed on ITO surfaces to tune the work function of ITO over a range of 5.0 to 5.75 eV by varying the mixing ratio of the two adsorbents. The mixed SAM-modified ITO surfaces were used as the anode in the fabrication of OLED devices with a configuration of ITO/SAM/HTL/Alq3/MX/Al, where HTL was the NPB or BPAPF hole-transporting layer and MX was the LiF or Cs(2)CO(3) injection layer. It was shown that, depending on the HTL or MX used, the maximum device current and the maximum luminance efficiency occurred with anodes of different modifications because of a shift in the point of hole/electron carrier balance. This provides information on the charge balance in the device and points to the direction to improve the performance.