Biosynthesis of phloroglucinol compounds in microorganisms--review.

Phloroglucinol derivatives are a major class of secondary metabolites of wide occurrence in biological systems. In the bacteria kingdom, these compounds can only be synthesized by some species of Pseudomonads. Pseudomonas spp. could produce 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) that plays an important role in the biological control of many plant pathogens. In this review, we summarize knowledge about synthesis of phloroglucinol compounds based on the DAPG biosynthetic pathway. Recent advances that have been made in understanding phloroglucinol compound biosynthesis and regulation are highlighted. From these studies, researchers have identified the biosynthesis pathway of DAPG. Most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway have been cloned and characterized. Additionally, heterologous systems of the model microorganism Escherichia coli are constructed to produce phloroglucinol. Although further work is still required, a full understanding of phloroglucinol compound biosynthesis is almost within reach. This review also suggests new directions and attempts to gain some insights for better understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of DAPG. The combination of traditional biochemistry and molecular biology with new systems biology and synthetic biology tools will provide a better view of phloroglucinol compound biosynthesis and a greater potential of microbial production.