World experience after more than a decade of clinical hand transplantation: update on the French program.

The first hand transplantation was realized in Lyon and the results achieved in this case showed the feasibility of the surgical technique, the efficacy of the immunosuppressive protocol, the limited adverse effects and the importance of a patient's compliance and rehabilitation to ensure graft viability and functional recovery. Based on these findings and the positive results achieved in other single hand transplants realized around the world the authors performed also the first double hand transplantation, then followed by other four cases. The recipients received the same immunosuppressive treatment including tacrolimus, prednisone, mycophenolate mofetil and antithymocyte globulins for induction, nevertheless they showed some episodes of acute rejection episodes which reversed after a prompt treatment. All the bilateral hand grafted patients showed a relevant sensorimotor recovery particularly of sensibility and activity of intrinsic muscles. They were able to perform the majority of daily activities and to lead a normal social life. On the basis of the authors' experience the results achieved in hand allotransplantation are very encouraging as major adverse effects due to surgery and immunosuppressive regimen did not occur and patients' quality of life improved considerably. Copyright Â