Fluorescence and visual detection of single nucleotide polymorphism using cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte.

We report a simple assay for visual detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with good sensitivity and selectivity. The selectivity is determined by Escherichia coli (E. coli) DNA ligase mediated circular formation upon recognition of the point mutation on DNA targets. Rolling cycle amplification (RCA) of the perfect-matched DNA target is then initiated using the in situ formed circular template in the presence of Phi29 enzyme. Due to amplification of the DNA target, the RCA product has a tandem-repeated sequence, which is significantly longer than that for the SNP strand. Direct addition of a cationic conjugated polymer of poly[9,9'-bis(6'-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-co-9,9'-bis(2-(2-(2-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)ethoxyl)-ethoxy)-ethyl)fluorene tetrabromide] containing 20 mol% 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (PFBT(20)) into the RCA solution leads to blue-whitish fluorescent color for SNP strand and yellowish fluorescent color for amplified DNA, due to PFBT(20)/DNA complexation induced intrachain/interchain energy transfer. To further improve the contrast for visual detection, FAM-labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) was hybridized to each amplified sequence, which is followed by the addition of poly{2,7-[9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumhexyl)]fluorene-co-2,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene dibromide} (PFP). The PNA/DNA hybridization brings PFP and FAM-PNA into close proximity for energy transfer, and the solution fluorescent color appears green in the presence of target DNA with a detection limit of 1 nM, which is significantly improved as compared to that for most reported visual SNP assay.