Joseph R DiFranza1, W W Sanouri Ursprung, Leah Biller. 1. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. difranzj@ummhc.org
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The first case series on tobacco addiction suggested that withdrawal symptoms evolve through a clear developmental sequence both over the clinical course and during an episode of abstinence. The objective of the current study was to determine if this observation would be confirmed by a second case series. METHODS: The subjects were 25 adolescent and adult smokers. Subjects were provided with operational definitions of the withdrawal symptoms of wanting, craving and needing. Using nondirective techniques, detailed histories of subjects' experiences with these three symptoms during abstinence from tobacco were obtained in individual interviews. RESULTS: All 25 subjects identified the operational definitions of wanting and craving as symptoms they had experienced, and 21 subjects indicated that the definition of needing described a symptom they had experienced. All 25 subjects reported that wanting was the first symptom they had experienced; 24 of 25 subjects reported that craving was the second symptom experienced; and 20 of the 21 subjects that had experienced needing reported that this was the third symptom they had experienced. All subjects reported that during abstinence symptoms appeared in the order of wanting, craving and needing. Subjects reported that stress-induced urges to smoke are not relieved by smoking, do not follow a characteristic sequence, and do not have a latency. CONCLUSIONS: Abstinence from tobacco provokes characteristic symptoms of wanting, craving and needing that are widely endorsed by smokers as symptoms they have experienced. These symptoms develop in a set sequence of wanting, craving and needing in all, or nearly all, smokers over their clinical course. These symptoms recur in the same sequence during acute episodes of abstinence. Smokers can distinguish between four symptoms: wanting, craving, needing and stress-induced urges to smoke, but these distinctions are not captured by generic 'craving' measures.
OBJECTIVE: The first case series on tobacco addiction suggested that withdrawal symptoms evolve through a clear developmental sequence both over the clinical course and during an episode of abstinence. The objective of the current study was to determine if this observation would be confirmed by a second case series. METHODS: The subjects were 25 adolescent and adult smokers. Subjects were provided with operational definitions of the withdrawal symptoms of wanting, craving and needing. Using nondirective techniques, detailed histories of subjects' experiences with these three symptoms during abstinence from tobacco were obtained in individual interviews. RESULTS: All 25 subjects identified the operational definitions of wanting and craving as symptoms they had experienced, and 21 subjects indicated that the definition of needing described a symptom they had experienced. All 25 subjects reported that wanting was the first symptom they had experienced; 24 of 25 subjects reported that craving was the second symptom experienced; and 20 of the 21 subjects that had experienced needing reported that this was the third symptom they had experienced. All subjects reported that during abstinence symptoms appeared in the order of wanting, craving and needing. Subjects reported that stress-induced urges to smoke are not relieved by smoking, do not follow a characteristic sequence, and do not have a latency. CONCLUSIONS: Abstinence from tobacco provokes characteristic symptoms of wanting, craving and needing that are widely endorsed by smokers as symptoms they have experienced. These symptoms develop in a set sequence of wanting, craving and needing in all, or nearly all, smokers over their clinical course. These symptoms recur in the same sequence during acute episodes of abstinence. Smokers can distinguish between four symptoms: wanting, craving, needing and stress-induced urges to smoke, but these distinctions are not captured by generic 'craving' measures.
Authors: Joseph R DiFranza; Robert J Wellman; Judith A Savageau; Ariel Beccia; W W Sanouri A Ursprung; Robert McMillen Journal: ISRN Addict Date: 2012-11-22
Authors: Wei Huang; Joseph R DiFranza; David N Kennedy; Nanyin Zhang; Douglas Ziedonis; Sanouri Ursprung; Jean A King Journal: PLoS One Date: 2013-07-04 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Wei Huang; Jean A King; W W Sanouri Ursprung; Shaokuan Zheng; Nanyin Zhang; David N Kennedy; Douglas Ziedonis; Joseph R DiFranza Journal: Brain Behav Date: 2014-03-17 Impact factor: 2.708