Direct quantification of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA dynamics.

Mitochondria are known to be one of major organelles within a cell and to play a crucial role in many cellular functions. These organelles show the dynamic behaviors such as fusion, fission and the movement along cytoskeletal tracks. Besides mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA is also highly motile. Molecular analysis revealed that several proteins are involved in mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA dynamics. In addition to the degeneration of specific nerves with high energy requirement, mutation of genes coding these proteins results in metabolic diseases. During the last few years, a significant amount of relevant data has been obtained on molecular basis of these diseases but mitochondrial dynamics in cells derived from the patients is poorly understood. So far time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching and image correlation methods have been used to study organellar motion. Especially, image correlation method has possibility to evaluate diffusion coefficient of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA simultaneously and directly. When we search candidates for compounds that modulate mitochondrial dynamics by high throughput screening, image correlation method may be useful although the careful interpretation is required for crowded and heterogeneous environment within a cell.