INTRODUCTION: Constipation, soiling, and incontinence are common problems after definitive repair of anorectal malformations (ARMs) in children. We studied the expression of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and c-kit in the rectum of murine embryos with or without ARMs at later developmental stages. METHODS: On the 9th embryonic day (E9), pregnant Institute of Cancer Research mice were fed etretinate, a synthetic vitamin A analogue (60 mg/kg), whereas controls were fed only with sesame oil. Embryos were excised between E14 and E18, and prepared for histological examination. The SP, VIP, and c-kit expressions were examined by immunohistochemical staining for the SP, VIP, and c-kit antigens, respectively. RESULTS: On E14 and E15, the expression levels of the anti-SP and anti-VIP antibodies in the rectum did not differ between the control and etretinate-treated group. However, as compared to the controls, a decreased SP and VIP immunoreactivity was observed in the circular muscle layer of the rectum between E16 and E18. On the other hand, on E14 and E15, the expression of anti-c-kit antibody in the rectum did not differ between the etretinate-treated and control group. However, c-kit immunoreactivity was slightly higher in the circular muscle layer of the rectum in the controls on E16 and E17, and considerably higher on E18 than that of the muscle layer in the etretinate-treated group. CONCLUSION: At later developmental stages, the expression levels of SP, VIP, and c-kit reduced in the circular muscle layer of the rectum in mice with etretinate-induced ARMs. This result indicates that reduced SP, VIP, and c-kit expression levels in the circular muscle layer may cause severe constipation in children who develop severe ARMs after definitive surgery.
INTRODUCTION:Constipation, soiling, and incontinence are common problems after definitive repair of anorectal malformations (ARMs) in children. We studied the expression of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and c-kit in the rectum of murine embryos with or without ARMs at later developmental stages. METHODS: On the 9th embryonic day (E9), pregnant Institute of Cancer Research mice were fed etretinate, a synthetic vitamin A analogue (60 mg/kg), whereas controls were fed only with sesame oil. Embryos were excised between E14 and E18, and prepared for histological examination. The SP, VIP, and c-kit expressions were examined by immunohistochemical staining for the SP, VIP, and c-kit antigens, respectively. RESULTS: On E14 and E15, the expression levels of the anti-SP and anti-VIP antibodies in the rectum did not differ between the control and etretinate-treated group. However, as compared to the controls, a decreased SP and VIP immunoreactivity was observed in the circular muscle layer of the rectum between E16 and E18. On the other hand, on E14 and E15, the expression of anti-c-kit antibody in the rectum did not differ between the etretinate-treated and control group. However, c-kit immunoreactivity was slightly higher in the circular muscle layer of the rectum in the controls on E16 and E17, and considerably higher on E18 than that of the muscle layer in the etretinate-treated group. CONCLUSION: At later developmental stages, the expression levels of SP, VIP, and c-kit reduced in the circular muscle layer of the rectum in mice with etretinate-induced ARMs. This result indicates that reduced SP, VIP, and c-kit expression levels in the circular muscle layer may cause severe constipation in children who develop severe ARMs after definitive surgery.