CONTEXT: Autism is a complex, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic component potentially impacted by various environmental factors influencing susceptibility. There are no reliable laboratory tests available to confirm an autism diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To examine the published literature and identify putative urinary biomarkers of autism. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic bibliographic databases. RESULTS: Putative autism biomarkers were identified that could be categorized according to the key theories that exist regarding the etiology of autism: gastrointestinal factors, immune dysregulation, heavy metal toxicity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: There is scope for specific urinary biomarkers to be useful for identification of autistic metabolic phenotypes.
CONTEXT: Autism is a complex, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic component potentially impacted by various environmental factors influencing susceptibility. There are no reliable laboratory tests available to confirm an autism diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To examine the published literature and identify putative urinary biomarkers of autism. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic bibliographic databases. RESULTS: Putative autism biomarkers were identified that could be categorized according to the key theories that exist regarding the etiology of autism: gastrointestinal factors, immune dysregulation, heavy metaltoxicity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: There is scope for specific urinary biomarkers to be useful for identification of autistic metabolic phenotypes.
Authors: Eman M Khaled; Nagwa A Meguid; Geir Bjørklund; Amr Gouda; Mohamed H Bahary; Adel Hashish; Nermin M Sallam; Salvatore Chirumbolo; Mona A El-Bana Journal: Metab Brain Dis Date: 2016-07-13 Impact factor: 3.584
Authors: Stewart F Graham; Onur Turkoglu; Ali Yilmaz; Ilyas Ustun; Zafer Ugur; Trent Bjorndhal; BeomSoo Han; Rupa Mandal; David Wishart; Ray O Bahado-Singh Journal: Metabolomics Date: 2020-04-24 Impact factor: 4.290
Authors: David Levitskiy; Alexandra Confair; Kayla E Wagner; Samantha DeVita; Nicole Shea; Elizabeth P McKernan; Justin Kopec; Natalie Russo; Frank A Middleton; Steven D Hicks Journal: Res Autism Spectr Disord Date: 2021-04-22