Transcriptional regulation of actin and myosin genes during differentiation of a mouse muscle cell line.

During terminal differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in vitro there is a transition from a predominantly nonmuscle contractile protein phenotype to a sarcomeric contractile protein phenotype. In order to investigate whether this transition and subsequent changes in expression are primarily transcriptionally regulated, we have analysed the rate of transcription and level of corresponding RNA accumulation of actin and myosin light chain genes during differentiation of a mouse muscle cell line under different culture conditions (low-serum and serum-free). We have found by 'nuclear run-on' analysis, that the alpha-cardiac actin, alpha-skeletal actin, myosin light chain 1F/3F and embryonic myosin light chain genes are transcriptionally activated as myoblasts begin to fuse to form myotubes. In contrast the nonsarcomeric beta-actin gene is transcribed at high levels in myoblasts and is transcriptionally down-regulated during differentiation. There is a sequential transition in transcription and RNA accumulation from predominantly alpha-cardiac to predominantly alpha-skeletal actin during subsequent myotube maturation, which reflects the pattern of expression found during development in vivo. A similar transition from embryonic to adult patterns of myosin light chain expression does not occur. RNA accumulation of actin and myosin light chains is regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In our culture system the expression of myosin light chains 1F and 3F, which are encoded by a single gene, is uncoupled, 3F predominating. These data are discussed in the context of gene regulation mechanisms.