Factors that modify the effect of excess calcium on skeletal development in puppies.

Developmental skeletal problems are often connected to mistakes in feeding, i.e. a deficiency or excess supply of nutrients, especially minerals. The energy consumption, the resulting growth intensity and the breed of animals are also known as factors that influence developmental orthopaedic diseases. In most clinical trials, excess Ca was connected to alterations in normal, healthy skeletal development, which led to severe clinical symptoms in some dogs, subclinical changes in the radiographic or histological examinations in other animals, or even no observable symptoms. These results correspond to practical experience in the field of clinical nutrition consultation, since excess Ca has been shown to have various impacts in growing dogs. The present review of results published in the literature and from my own trials led to the hypothesis that P is an important co-factor that can alleviate or aggravate the development of skeletal problems in growing dogs.