Localized stem chilling alters carbon processes in the adjacent stem and in source leaves.

Transport phloem is no longer associated with impermeable pipes, but is instead considered as a leaky system in which loss and retrieval mechanisms occur. Local stem chilling is often used to study these phenomena. In this study, 5-cm- lengths of stems of 3-year-old oak trees (Quercus robur L.) were locally chilled for 1 week to investigate whether observations at stem and leaf level can be explained by the leakage-retrieval mechanism. The chilling experiment was repeated three times across the growing season. Measurements were made of leaf photosynthesis, carbohydrate concentrations in leaves and bark, stem growth and maximum daily stem shrinkage. Across the growing season, a feedback inhibition in leaf photosynthesis was observed, causing increased dark respiration and starch concentration. This inhibition was attributed to the total phloem resistance which locally increased due to the cold temperatures. It is hypothesized that this higher phloem resistance increased the phloem pressure above the cold block up to the source leaves, inducing feedback inhibition. In addition, an increase in radial stem growth and carbohydrate concentration was observed above the cold block, while the opposite occurred below the block. These observations indicate that net lateral leakage of carbohydrates from the phloem was enhanced above the cold block and that translocation towards regions below the block decreased. This behaviour is probably also attributable to the higher phloem resistance. The chilling effects on radial stem growth and carbohydrate concentration were significant in the middle of the growing season, while they were not at the beginning and near the end of the growing season. Furthermore, maximum daily shrinkages were larger above the cold block during all chilling experiments, indicating an increased resistance in the xylem vessels, also generated by low temperatures. In conclusion, localized stem chilling altered multiple carbon processes in the source leaves and the main stem by changing hydraulic resistances.