The genus Andraca (Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China with descriptions of a new species.

The six species of the genus Andraca Walker hitherto known from China are reviewed, and a new species, Andraca gongshanensis, sp. n., described from Yunnan Province, China. Adults and male genitalia of all examined species are illustrated, together with a distributional map. A key to all seven Chinese Andraca species is provided. The types of the new species are deposited in SCAU (South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China) and HUNAU (Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China).

Introduction

The genus was established by Walker (1865) with Walker 1865 as its type-species, a species well known as one of the most serious pests of tea plants (Chu and Wang 1996). It was placed in family Bombycidae for over 150 years, but was recently transferred to family Endromidae based on the molecular study of Zwick et al. (2011). Kishida (1993) reported and from Taiwan. Chu and Wang (1993) recorded three species from China: is widely distributed in central and southern China, Chu & Wang, 1993 was listed from Yunnan, and Chu & Wang, 1993 from Hainan and Fujian; in this paper, they also included Butler 1885, which is currently placed in the genus Miyata, 1970. Yang (1995) added one species, Yang, 1995, to the Chinese fauna. Owada et al. (2002) reviewed three species of from Vietnam and provided a world checklist. Zolotuhin and Witt (2009) recorded five species from Vietnam, describing two new species, Zolotuhin & Witt, 2009 and Zolotuhin & Witt, 2009, and newly treating two taxa, Bryk, 1944 and Mell, 1958, as subspecies of Moore, 1865 and Matsumura, 1927 respectively. At present, the genus consists of eight species ranging from the Himalayas to Southeast Asia.

In the present paper, seven Chinese species are reviewed, including the description of one new species , sp. n. The early stages of (Matsumura 1909) are described in detail. A key to the seven Chinese species is provided.

Materials and methods

Specimens of the new species were collected by light trap. The types of previously described species in the Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH) were examined. Other materials examined in this study are preserved in SCAU and HUNAU. Morphological terminology used in descriptions follows Lemaire and Minet (1999).

Taxonomy

Walker, 1865

http://species-id.net/wiki/Andraca

Andraca Walker, 1865,

Pseudoeupterote Shiraki, 1911,

Description.

Forewing weakly falcate. Ground color varying from shades of brown to sandy grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus apically single-pointed to weakly indented; gnathos with two long, basally broad, upcurved arms; valvae basally broad, sclerotized, long or medium length; aedeagus short with apex truncated, cornuti present or absent.

Female genitalia (). Eighth segment curved deeply, ventral margin of ostium bursae extends posteriorly as a broad bilobed plate, ductus bursae sclerotized distal to mid-point, tapering to half width; distal half unsclerotized with slight torsion, corpus bursae lacking a signum.

Distribution.

Oriental Region, S & E Palaearctic.

Remarks.

species have sometimes been described in (e.g., Chu and Wang 1993, 1996), and misidentification has also been frequent (Chu and Wang 1993, 1996). was considered to belong to ‘the lineage’ of Prismostictinae Forbes, 1955 (Holloway 1987; Minet 1994; Lemaire and Minet 1999; Holloway et al. 2001). Our own unpublished work also shows that is close to Walker, 1865 and Yang, 1995, based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (COI + 18S +28S) (Wang 2010).

Sevastopulo (1938) described the fully grown larvae of the type species. The larvae are gregarious, have short hairs covering the body, and are often heavily parasitized. Pupation is in a thin cocoon of brown silk spun among leaves.

Walker, l865

http://species-id.net/wiki/Andraca_bipunctata

Figs 1–A 2–A

Figure 1.

Distributional map of spp. from China.

Figure 2.

Adult male spp. A Walker, l865 from Yunnan B Matsumura, 1927 from Guangdong C Swinhoe, 1907 from Guangxi D Yang, 1995 from Guangdong E , sp. n., Holotype, from Yunnan F Zolotuhin & Witt, 2009 from Guangdong G Matsumura, 1909 from Hunan Province H Matsumura, 1909 from Hunan Province (in field).

Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865,

Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1862: Chu& Wang, 1993,

Andraca henosa Chu & Wang, 1993,

Andraca henosa Chu & Wang: Chu & Wang, 1996,

Male (China): wingspan 42–45 mm, length of forewing 21–23 mm, antenna length 6–8 mm (Fig. 1-A). Male genitalia (Fig. 2-A): uncus broad, duck beak-shaped; gnathos long, finger-shaped; vesica with a cluster of strong spinose cornuti

Female genitalia: see above under generic entry.

Material Examined.

[CHINA]2♂♂, western Yunnan, 2005-VI-15, Ming-Yi Tian leg.; 2♂♂, Dulongjiang, Yunnan Province, 2006-VII-21, Min Wang & Xiao-Ling Fan leg.; 1♂1♀, Gongshan Mountain, Yunnan Province, 2006-VII-22 , Min Wang & Xiao-Ling Fan leg.

Host.

(Theaceae), (Theaceae), (Theaceae).

China (Yunnan); India.

This widely distributed species is rather variable in coloration and size. Moore (1865) described from a brighter and grayish individual. This taxon was later synonymized with by Hampson, ([1893]), an action that was followed by Strand (1924).

is closely related to Kishida, 1993 (Nepal and India: Sikkim), (Taiwan) and (Vietnam). These four species form the bipunctata group, and share the following characteristics: 1) male hindtibia with one pair of spurs; 2) two dorsally-directed projections present on subapical part of valva; 3) external surface of aedeagus partially covered with hair-like spines; 4) a cluster of strong spinose cornuti on vesica.

Larvae of are well-known serious pests of tea trees, (Theaceae) (Banerjee 1982; Chang 1989; Chen et al. 1992; Panigrahi 1995; Ho et al. 1996; Upadhyay et al. 2001).

Matsumura, 1927

http://species-id.net/wiki/Andraca_olivacea

Figs 1–B 2–B

Andraca olivacea Matsumura, 1927,

Andraca hedra Chu & Wang, 1993,

Andraca hedra Chu & Wang: Chu & Wang, 1996,

Andraca olivacea : Owada et al., 2002,

Male: wingspan 36–38 mm, length of forewing 16–20 mm, antenna length 5–7 mm (Fig. 1-B). Hindtibia with two pairs of spurs; hindwings with Rs and M1 connate. Male genitalia (Fig. 2-B): uncus thick and round; valva simple, basal half broad and terminal half narrow; distal margin of aedeagus with strong lateral spines; vesica with a cluster of spinose cornuti.

[CHINA] 1 ♂, Shimentai Provincial Nature Reserve, Yingde City, Guangdong Province, 2001-VII-24, Min Wang & Guo-Hua Huang leg.; 1 ♂, same data but 2001-IX-22; 3 ♂ ♂, same data but 2002-VI-11, Guo-Hua Huang leg.; 1 ♂, Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyuan City, Guangdong Province, 2002-VII-23, Guo-Hua Huang leg.; 4 ♂ ♂, same data but 2003-III-29~31; 1 ♂, same data but 2003-VI-22; 2 ♂ ♂, same data but 2003-VIII-7; 2 ♂ ♂, same data but 2003-VIII-18; 5 ♂ ♂, same data but 2004-IV-23; 1 ♀, same data but 2004-IV-24; 2 ♂ ♂, same data PageBreakbut 2006-IX-18, Liu-Sheng Chen leg.; 1 ♂, same data but 2008-VI-7, Min Wang leg.; 1 ♂, same data but 2008-VI-7; 1 ♂, same data but 2009-IV-1, Hou-Shuai Wang leg.; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009-VIII-10; 1 ♂, same data but 2009-IV-1; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009-VIII-10; 1 ♂, Maoershan National Nature Reserve, Xingan City, Guangxi Province, 2003-III-3, Min Wang & Guo-Hua Huang leg.; 6 ♂ ♂, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, Ledong City, Hainan Province, 2003-XI-29~31, Guo-Hua Huang & Min Wang leg.; 1 ♂, same data but 2007-X-23, Min Wang leg.

var. pusillifolia (Moraceae).

China (Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan); Vietnam.

Wang (1995) provide a fine color illustration of a fresh living male. Owada et al. (2002) considered from Fukien (= Fujian) to the synonym of , whereas Zolotuhin and Witt (2009) treated it as a subspecies thereof. We do not comment further on which of these two alternatives may be the most appropriate status for this taxon because we have not seen the types of .

Swinhoe, 1907

http://species-id.net/wiki/Andraca_apodecta

Figs 1–C 2–C

Andraca apodecta Swinhoe, 1907,

Andraca apodecta Swinhoe: Holloway, 1976,

Male: wingspan 37–39 mm, length of forewing 15–18 mm, antenna length 6–8 mm (Fig. 1-C). Head covered with reddish-brown hairs; forewing with black discal spot, smooth outer margin and apically not falcate. Male genitalia (Fig. 2-C): uncus triangular, apical half truncate; valva with two subapical, dorsally-directed projections; aedeagus short, curved slightly without cornuti, external surface without hair-like spines.

[CHINA]2♂♂, Jinzhongshan Mountain, Longlin City, Guangxi Province, 2007-VII-31, Liu-Sheng Chen leg..

Unknown.

China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Shaanxi), Vietnam, Thailand (Chiang Mai, Nan), Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi).

The species was first recorded from China (Yunnan, Fujian, Shaanxi) by Zolotuhin and Witt (2009) and is here recorded from Guangxi for the first time.

Yang, 1995 comb. rev.

http://species-id.net/wiki/Andraca_flavamaculata

Figs 1–D 2–D

Andraca flavamaculata Yang, 1995,

Andraca nabesan Kishida & Owada, 2002,

Male: wingspan 40–44 mm, length of forewing 20–22 mm, antenna length 6–7 mm (Fig. 1-D). Body stout. Forewing apex falcate; outer edge smooth and straight; tornus almost rectangular. Male genitalia (Fig. 2-D): uncus long with apex finger-shaped; tegumen broad with numerous long setae; valvae basally broad, strongly sclerotized, apex of valva boot-shaped; sacculus broad, with a strong dorsal spike; saccus short and narrow; aedeagus short but strong and straight, distally with a large number of spines.

[CHINA] 2 ♂♂, Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyuan City, Guangdong Province, 2002-III-15, Guo-Hua Huang leg.; 2 ♂♂, same data but 2003-II-23; 5 ♂ ♂, same data but 2003-III-29 ~ 31; 1 ♂, same data but 2003 -VIII-30; 1 ♂, same data but 2006-IX-17, Zhen Li leg.; 2 ♂♂ , Maoershan National Nature Reserve, Xingan City, Guangxi Province, 2003-III-03, Min Wang & Guo-Hua Huang leg.; 3 ♂ ♂, Mangshan Nature Reserve, Yizhang City, Hunan Province, 2003-III-31, Guo-Hua Huang leg.; 1 ♂, Jiuwandashan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi Province, 2003-VII-30, Guo-Hua Huang leg.

Unknown.

China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi); Vietnam.

Yang (1995) described the species from Zhejiang, China. The species is similarto but can be distinguished by the following characters: aedeagus straight; gnathos not prominent. Zolotuhin and Witt (2009) synonymized Kishida & Owada, 2002 with , which they also transferred to species based on features of the genitalia. We accept the synonymy but do not agree with the generic transfer, because we do not consider that the diagnostic feature of given by Miyata (1970), a valva with a “long distinct projection” is present in . We therefore transfer comb. rev. back to .

sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E5DD5FB7-554B-48A6-9EF3-65F1699E9897

http://species-id.net/wiki/Andraca_gongshanensis

Figs 1–E 2–E

Male: wingspan 46–48 mm, length of forewing 22–24 mm, antenna length 5–8 mm (Fig. 1-E). Antenna bipectinate except apex. Wings ground color PageBreakdark brow with dark brow fasciae and reddish-yellow patterns, which is consisting of antemedian, discocellar, postmedian fascia, and reddish-yellow patterns nearly placed on the wholly wings but termen. Forewing apex falcate; outer edge smooth and straight; tornus almost rectangular. Hindwing with anal margin straight; outer margin angled at vein M3, straight above and below this.

Male genitalia (Fig. 2-E): uncus long with wedge-shaped apex; tegumen broad; gnathos very well developed, arms upcurved; valvae basally broad with many long setae, strongly sclerotized, caudally constricted to a spatulate apex; sacculus broad, without a dorsal spike; aedeagus short but strong and straight, distally with a large number of spines.

Holotype.

♂, Gongshan Mountain, Yunnan Province, China, 2006-VII-22, Min Wang & Xiao-Ling Fan leg., deposited in Department of Entomology, SCAU; Paratypes, 2 ♂♂, same data as holotype but 2006-VII-21.; 1 ♂, same data as holotype but 2006-VII-23; deposited in Institute of Entomology, HUNAU.

Unknown.

China (Yunnan).

Etymology.

The specific epithet refers to the type locality(Gongshan Mountain, China).

This new species is very similar to , but can be distinguished by the following characters of the male genitalia: , sp. n. with uncus apex wedge-shaped,apex of valva constricted and truncate, sacculus without a strong dorsal spike. And with uncus apex finger-shaped, apex of valva boot-shaped; sacculus broad, with a strong dorsal spike.

Externally, is paler than .

Zolotuhin & Witt, 2009

http://species-id.net/wiki/Andraca_melli

Figs 1–F 2–F

Andraca melli Zolotuhin & Witt, 2009,

Male: wingspan 37–39 mm, length of forewing 15–18 mm, antenna length 5–7 mm (Fig. 1-F). Antenna bipectinate except apex. Head thinly covered with brown-green hairs. Forewing: apically bluntly pointed; outer edge smooth and straight, tornus nearly rectangular. Hindwings distinctly angled at vein M3, straight above and below this.

Male genitalia (Fig. 2-F): uncus bluntly triangular with long hairs; tegumen broad; gnathos with two extremely medially swollen arms; valvae flattened, strongly sclerotized, apex narrower and truncate with a dorsally directed projection from the middle; saccus short and broad; aedeagus short, strongly curved, with a compact group of long, thick needle-shaped cornuti on dorsal surface.PageBreak

[CHINA]2 ♂♂, Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyuan City, Guangdong Province, 2007-VI-23, Liu-Sheng Chen collected larvae and reared to adult.

(Theaceae), (Theaceae), (Oleaceae) and (Ternstroemiaceae), Gardn. & Champ. (Pentaphylacaceae) (new host record).

China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan); Vietnam; Thailand.

was first described by Zolotuhin and Witt (2009), who also reported on the biology of this species.

Matsumura, 1909

http://species-id.net/wiki/Andraca_theae

Figs 1–G, 1–H 2–G, 2–H

Oreta theae Matsumura, 1909,

Male: wingspan 35–37 mm, length of forewing 17–19 mm, antenna length 6–7 mm (Figs 1-G, 1-H). Head densely covered with dark brown hairs; antenna bipectinate except apex. Forewing apex inconspicuously falcate, exterior margin straight. Forewing and hindwing each with a dark discal spot.

Male genitalia (Fig. 2-G): uncus triangular with apex narrowly spatulate; tegumen broad; gnathos elongate, medially inflated; saccus short and broad; valvae bifurcate apically; dorsal margin with a subapical hump; aedeagus bowed with dense apical spines.

[CHINA] 1 ♂, Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyuan City, Guangdong Province, 2003-III-29, Guo-Hua Huang leg.; 1 ♂, same data to the former, except 2003-VIII-12, Guo-Hua Huang & De-Yu Xin leg.; 2 ♂♂, Taibei City, Taiwan Province, 2009-VIII-15, Shipher Wu leg.; 10 ♂♂, Wuyunjie National Nature Reserve, Taoyuan City, Hunan Province, 2010-VII-2, collected the larvae in the field by Mr. Hong-Chun Zhou, got the adults from the larvae bred in the entomological laboratory of Hunan Agricultural University by Dr. Guo-Hua Huang; 3 ♂♂, Houxi Town, Huangshan City, Anhui Province, 2010-VI-28, the adults from the larvae collected in the field and bred in laboratory by Dr. Guo-Hua Huang.

(Theaceae).

Biology.

This species is widely distributed in Taiwan and Southern China. The larvae were found on in Hunan Province; photographs of the early stages were taken in June to August, 2010 (Figs 3-A to 3-H).

Figure 3.

Male genitalia of Chinese spp. A Walker, l865 from Yunnan B Matsumura, 1927 from Guangdong C Swinhoe, 1907 from Guangxi D Yang, 1995 from Guangdong E , sp. n., Holotype, from Yunnan F Zolotuhin & Witt, 2009 from Guangdong G Matsumura, 1909 from Hunan Province.

China (Taiwan, Guangdong, Hunan, Anhui).

The species is easily separated from its congeners by the apically bifurcate valvae.

The early stages of Matsumura, 1909 from Hunan Province A–B Eggs C First larvae D Third larvae E–F Final larvae G–H Pupa and cocoon.

1	Apex of forewing falcate	2
–	Apex of forewing not falcate	5
2	Uncus broad, gnathos extremely swollen medially	Andraca bipunctata
–	Uncus narrow, gnathos not swollen	3
3	Apex of valva boot-shaped	Andraca flavamaculata comb. rev.
–	Apex of valva rounded or truncate	4
4	Apex of valva rounded, gnathos long	Andraca olivacea
–	Apex of valva truncate, gnathos short	Andraca gongshanensis sp. n.
5	Apex of valva bifurcate	Andraca theae
–	Apex of valva rounded	6
6	Gnathos not swollen	Andraca apodecta
–	Gnathos extremely medially swollen	Andraca melli