Relapse to substance abuse: empirical findings within a cognitive-social learning approach.

A cognitive-social learning model of relapse prevention, specifically Albert Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks that has been applied to the problem of relapse in the substance abuse field. Theory and related empirical findings within this approach are reviewed, including the following: the assessment of a client's high-risk situations for relapse; the development of an individualized treatment plan; the distinction between treatment strategies aimed at "initiation" versus "maintenance" of behavior change; the importance of growth in client self-efficacy; the difference between the process of lapse versus relapse; the use of drugs in relapse prevention counseling; and the role of client-treatment matching. On the basis of the empirical evidence reviewed, it is concluded that a cognitive-social learning approach to relapse prevention is showing promise. Future directions for research are suggested.