Adult phenylketonuria outcome and management.

The problem to evaluate treatment outcome in adult PKU (phenylketonuric) patients lies in the heterogeneity of the adult PKU population. This heterogeneity is not only based on the different treatment history of every individual patient but also on the different severity of the underlying defect of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Recent, partly double blind studies in adult PKU patients further support recommendation for lifelong treatment. However, it has become evident that dietary treatment is suboptimal and continuation to adulthood often not accepted. Late detected PKU patients (up to 4-6 years of age) benefit from strict dietary treatment and are able to catch up in intellectual performance. Untreated, severely retarded patients with behavioral changes may benefit from introduction of dietary treatment. However, individual decision is necessary and based on the personal situation of the patient. In early and well treated patients a number of studies have demonstrated that cognitive and neurosychologic tests are different from controls. In addition there is evidence that patients with higher blood phenylalanine (phe) levels demonstrate more often psychiatric symptoms like depression and anxiety. Medical problems are more often observed: there are certain risks as impaired growth, decreased bone mineral density and nutrional deficits probably caused by dietary treatment with an artificial protein substitute and/or missing compliance with an unpleasant diet. The long term risk of a strict dietary treatment must be balanced with the risk of higher blood phe (mean blood phenylalanine >600-900 μmol/L) on cognitive and neuropsychological functions and psychiatric symptoms. Further studies should consider the role of blood phe exposure for brain development in childhood and for brain function in all ages. Besides mean blood phe, fluctuation of blood phe over time is important. Fluctuation of blood phe is decreased by sapropterin treatment in responsive patients which would on the long term may have positive effects on cognitive outcome. Further studies also should include adult PKU patients.