Implanted subdural electrodes: safety issues and complication avoidance.

Invasive electroencephalography via subdural implanted electrodes is essential for the identification and localization of the epileptogenic focus in a large percentage of cases of medically refractory epilepsy. The implantation of subdural electrodes constitutes a widely used method for the preoperative investigation of these patients. However, their implantation has been associated with the occurrence of some rare but potentially serious complications. This article systematically reviews the literature regarding safety issues, potential complications, and complication avoidance strategies associated with the implantation of subdural electrodes. Knowledge of all the reported complications may help in their early detection and their prompt management.