Mechanisms of VEGF- and glutamate-induced inhibition of osmotic swelling of murine retinal glial (Müller) cells: indications for the involvement of vesicular glutamate release and connexin-mediated ATP release.

We determined the mechanisms of glutamate and ATP release from murine retinal glial (Müller) cells by pharmacological manipulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and glutamate-induced inhibition of cellular swelling under hypoosmotic conditions. It has been shown that exogenous glutamate inhibits hypoosmotic swelling of rat Müller cells via the induction of the release of ATP (Uckermann et al. in J Neurosci Res 83:538-550, 53). VEGF was shown to inhibit hypoosmotic swelling of rat Müller cells by inducing the release of glutamate (Wurm et al. in J Neurochem 104:386-399, 55). The swelling-inhibitory effect of VEGF in murine Müller cells was blocked by an inhibitor of vesicular exocytosis, by a modulator of the allosteric site of vesicular glutamate transporters, and by inhibitors of phospholipase C and protein kinase C. The swelling-inhibitory effect of glutamate in murine Müller cells was prevented by inhibitors of connexin hemichannels. The effects of both VEGF and glutamate were blocked by tetrodotoxin and by an inhibitor of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Murine Müller cells display connexin-43 immunoreactivity. The data suggest that Müller cells of the murine retina may release glutamate by vesicular exocytosis, whereas ATP is released through connexin hemichannels.