BACKGROUND: Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with high blood pressure (BP). Prehypertension is a preclinical stage where primary prevention efforts have been recommended for delaying or preventing the onset of hypertension. However, the majority of studies examining the association between vitamin D and BP have not accounted for kidney function or systemic inflammation. METHODS: Participants of the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey > 20 years of age and free of hypertension (n = 9,215, 53.5% women) and clinical cardiovascular disease were examined. Serum vitamin D levels were analyzed as quartiles. Prehypertension (n = 3,712) was defined as systolic BP 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic BP 80-89 mm Hg. RESULTS: Lower serum vitamin D levels were found to be associated with prehypertension independent of potential confounders including body mass index (BMI), serum cholesterol, C-reactive protein and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Compared to the highest quartile of serum vitamin D (referent), the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of prehypertension associated with the lowest quartile was 1.48 (1.16-1.90; p trend < 0.0001). This association persisted in subgroup analyses by gender, race-ethnicity and BMI. CONCLUSION: Lower serum vitamin D levels are associated with prehypertension in a representative sample of US adults.
BACKGROUND: Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with high blood pressure (BP). Prehypertension is a preclinical stage where primary prevention efforts have been recommended for delaying or preventing the onset of hypertension. However, the majority of studies examining the association between vitamin D and BP have not accounted for kidney function or systemic inflammation. METHODS:Participants of the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey > 20 years of age and free of hypertension (n = 9,215, 53.5% women) and clinical cardiovascular disease were examined. Serum vitamin D levels were analyzed as quartiles. Prehypertension (n = 3,712) was defined as systolic BP 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic BP 80-89 mm Hg. RESULTS: Lower serum vitamin D levels were found to be associated with prehypertension independent of potential confounders including body mass index (BMI), serum cholesterol, C-reactive protein and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Compared to the highest quartile of serum vitamin D (referent), the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of prehypertension associated with the lowest quartile was 1.48 (1.16-1.90; p trend < 0.0001). This association persisted in subgroup analyses by gender, race-ethnicity and BMI. CONCLUSION: Lower serum vitamin D levels are associated with prehypertension in a representative sample of US adults.
Authors: Michael Freundlich; Yasmir Quiroz; Zhongyi Zhang; Yan Zhang; Yanauri Bravo; Jose R Weisinger; Yan Chun Li; Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe Journal: Kidney Int Date: 2008-08-27 Impact factor: 10.612
Authors: David M Lee; Martin K Rutter; Terence W O'Neill; Steven Boonen; Dirk Vanderschueren; Roger Bouillon; Gyorgy Bartfai; Felipe F Casanueva; Joseph D Finn; Gianni Forti; Aleksander Giwercman; Thang S Han; Ilpo T Huhtaniemi; Krzysztof Kula; Michael E J Lean; Neil Pendleton; Margus Punab; Alan J Silman; Frederick C W Wu Journal: Eur J Endocrinol Date: 2009-09-22 Impact factor: 6.664
Authors: Kimberly J Schmitz; Halcyon G Skinner; Leonelo E Bautista; Tasha E Fingerlin; Carl D Langefeld; Pamela J Hicks; Steven M Haffner; Michael Bryer-Ash; Lynne E Wagenknecht; Donald W Bowden; Jill M Norris; Corinne D Engelman Journal: Am J Hypertens Date: 2009-05-14 Impact factor: 2.689
Authors: Karen L Margolis; Roberta M Ray; Linda Van Horn; Joann E Manson; Matthew A Allison; Henry R Black; Shirley A A Beresford; Stephanie A Connelly; J David Curb; Richard H Grimm; Theodore A Kotchen; Lewis H Kuller; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller; Cynthia A Thomson; James C Torner Journal: Hypertension Date: 2008-09-29 Impact factor: 10.190