Mechanisms and energetics for acid catalyzed β-D-glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfurl.

Car-Parrinello based ab initio molecular dynamics (CPMD) coupled with metadynamics (MTD) simulations were carried out to investigate the mechanism and energetics for acid-catalyzed β-d-glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfurl (HMF) in water. HMF is a critical intermediate for biomass conversion to biofuels. It was found that protonation of the C2-OH on glucose, the breakage of the C2-O2 bond, and the formation of the C2-O5 bond is the critical rate-limiting step for the direct glucose conversion to HMF without converting to fructose first, contrary to the wide-spread assumption in literature that fructose is the main intermediate for glucose conversion to HMF. The calculated reaction barrier of 30-35 kcal/mol appears to be solvent-induced and is in excellent agreement with experimental observations.