Multisensory regulation of maternal behavior and masculine sexual behavior: a revised view.

Frank Beach's view of the multisensory regulation in Norway rats of copulation in males (12) and of pup retrieval in females (23) is critically analyzed and revised in terms of Lashley's influence, Beach's other work, and current neurobiological knowledge. Beach's view was that no single sensory stimulus is essential to elicit these behaviors, but that all relevant stimuli available summate in the neocortex; consequently, (a) sexual "arousal" is increased in males, leading to copulation, and (b) the "efficiency," or likelihood, of retrieval is increased in postpartum mothers. The revised view is based on a component analysis in which each of these behaviors consists of a chain of motoric responses elicited by somatosensory stimulation. Distal stimuli emanating from the female or pups induce proximity by provoking orientation, attention and arousal; the meaning of these stimuli is largely learned by conditioned associations during the initial executions of the behavior, although odors may have a prepotent influence for some individuals. Stimuli are integrated in a multisensory manner by both subcortical and neocortical mechanisms. Generalizations concerning the reproductive behavior of other mammalian species are suggested.