The role of mast cells in male infertility.

Increased numbers of mast cells (MCs) were described in the testes of males exhibiting infertility many years ago. Since beneficial effects of treatment with MC blockers on impaired male fertility were reported, more attention has been drawn on the role of MCs in the male reproductive tract. The main interest is focused on testicular MCs, however MCs also occur in the epididymis and seminal fluid, which may be relevant for fertility as well. The increase in testicular MCs in close contact to the seminiferous tubules indicates a relationship between MC proliferation and a dysfunction of the blood-testis barrier. Activated MCs not only coincide with fibrotic events, but also with elevated numbers of several types of immune cells in the testes of infertile men and may, therefore, be involved in the pathogenesis of testicular inflammatory processes as well. Outside the testis, MCs have really been assigned a key role in chronic protatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The occurrence of MCs in the seminal plasma of fertile/infertile men and negative effects on sperm functions has not been clarified so far and require further investigation. Optimistic reports on the beneficial effects of the treatment with MC blockers on disturbed male fertility also warrant further confirmation.