BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been reported that a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a role in resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We reported that CD13(+) liver CSCs survive in hypoxic lesions after chemotherapy, presumably through increased expression of CD13/Aminopeptidase N, which is a scavenger enzyme in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic pathway. On the other hand, the concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was indicated by a recent study showing an increased plasticity linked to the cellular "stemness" of CSCs. METHODS: To study the relationship between CSCs and EMT, we examined biological characteristics of liver cancer cell lines with EMT by exposing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). RESULTS: We showed that a TGF-β-induced EMT-like phenomenon is associated with increased CD13 expression in liver cancer cells. This phenomenon prevents further increases in the ROS level as well as the induction of apoptosis, promoting the survival of CD13(+) CSCs, whereas inhibition of CD13 stimulates apoptosis. Immunohistochemical analysis also indicated that after chemotherapy, CD13 was coexpressed with N-cadherin in surviving cancer cells within fibrous capsules. We have demonstrated that CD13 expression plays a role in supporting the survival of CSCs and that there is an EMT-associated reduction in ROS elevation. CONCLUSIONS: This novel and consistent linkage between functional CSC markers and the EMT phenomenon suggests a bona fide candidate for targeted therapy for EMT-mediated invasion and metastasis of liver cancer.
BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been reported that a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a role in resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We reported that CD13(+) liver CSCs survive in hypoxic lesions after chemotherapy, presumably through increased expression of CD13/Aminopeptidase N, which is a scavenger enzyme in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic pathway. On the other hand, the concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was indicated by a recent study showing an increased plasticity linked to the cellular "stemness" of CSCs. METHODS: To study the relationship between CSCs and EMT, we examined biological characteristics of liver cancer cell lines with EMT by exposing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). RESULTS: We showed that a TGF-β-induced EMT-like phenomenon is associated with increased CD13 expression in liver cancer cells. This phenomenon prevents further increases in the ROS level as well as the induction of apoptosis, promoting the survival of CD13(+) CSCs, whereas inhibition of CD13 stimulates apoptosis. Immunohistochemical analysis also indicated that after chemotherapy, CD13 was coexpressed with N-cadherin in surviving cancer cells within fibrous capsules. We have demonstrated that CD13 expression plays a role in supporting the survival of CSCs and that there is an EMT-associated reduction in ROS elevation. CONCLUSIONS: This novel and consistent linkage between functional CSC markers and the EMT phenomenon suggests a bona fide candidate for targeted therapy for EMT-mediated invasion and metastasis of liver cancer.