Cleaner wrasse mimics inflict higher costs on their models when they are more aggressive towards signal receivers.

Aggressive mimics are predatory species that resemble a 'model' species to gain access to food, mating opportunities or transportation at the expense of a signal receiver. Costs to the model may be variable, depending on the strength of the interaction between mimics and signal receivers. In the Indopacific, the bluestriped fangblenny Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos mimics juvenile cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus. Instead of removing ectoparasites from larger coral reef fish, fangblennies attack fish to feed on scales and body tissue. In this study, juvenile cleaner wrasse suffered significant costs when associated with P. rhinorhynchos mimics in terms of reduced cleaning activity. Furthermore, the costs incurred by the model increased with heightened aggression by mimics towards signal receivers. This was apparently because of behavioural changes in signal receivers, as cleaning stations with mimics that attacked frequently were visited less. Variation in the costs incurred by the model may influence mimicry accuracy and avoidance learning by the signal receiver and thus affect the overall success and maintenance of the mimicry system.