Arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis: miRNAs involvement.

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) (such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension) are the primary cause of death and disability in the Western world. Although lifestyle programs and therapeutic approaches have significantly reduced the socio-economic burden of CMD, a large number of events still cannot be avoided (the so called residual risk). Recent developments in genetics and genomics provide a platform for investigating further this area with the aim of deepening our understanding of the atherosclerotic phenomena underlying CMD, for instance by providing better information on the type of subjects who would benefit the most from therapeutic interventions, or by discovering new genetic and metabolic derangements that may be targeted for the development of new interventions. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short, non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of proteins by binding to specific sequences on the 3' region of target mRNAs. Bioinformatics analysis predicts that each miRNA may regulate hundreds of targets, suggesting that miRNAs may play roles in almost every biological pathway and process, including those of the cardiovascular system. Studies are beginning to unravel their fundamental importance in vessel biology. Here, we review recent advance regarding the involvement of miRNAs in arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis.