BACKGROUND: Resistance to the antimalarial drug sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) emerged in Plasmodium falciparum from Asia in the 1960s and subsequently spread to Africa. In Tanzania, SP use as a national policy began in 1983 as a second line to chloroquine (CQ) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, until August 2001 when it was approved to replace CQ as a national first line. OBJECTIVE: The present study assesses the frequency of resistant dhfr and dhps alleles in Morogoro-Mvomero district in south eastern Tanzania and contrast their rate of change during 17 years of SP second line use against five years of SP first line use. METHODOLOGY: Cross sectional surveys of asymptomatic infections were carried out at the end of rainy season during July-September of 2000, when SP was the national second line (CQ was the first line) and 2006 when SP was the national first line antimalarial treatment. Genetic analysis of SP resistance genes was carried out on 1,044 asymptomatic infections and the effect of the two policies on SP evolution compared. RESULTS: The frequency of the most resistant allele, the double dhps-triple dhfr mutant genotype, increased by only 1% during 17 years of SP second line use, but there was a dramatic increase by 45% during five years of SP first line use. CONCLUSION: We conclude that National policy change from second line to first line SP, brought about an immediate shift in treatment practice and this in turn had a highly significant impact on drug pressure. The use of SP in specific programs only such as intermittent preventive treatment of infants (IPTi) and intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women (IPTp) will most likely reduce substantially SP selection pressure and the SP resistance alleles alike.
BACKGROUND: Resistance to the antimalarial drug sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) emerged in Plasmodium falciparum from Asia in the 1960s and subsequently spread to Africa. In Tanzania, SP use as a national policy began in 1983 as a second line to chloroquine (CQ) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, until August 2001 when it was approved to replace CQ as a national first line. OBJECTIVE: The present study assesses the frequency of resistant dhfr and dhps alleles in Morogoro-Mvomero district in south eastern Tanzania and contrast their rate of change during 17 years of SP second line use against five years of SP first line use. METHODOLOGY: Cross sectional surveys of asymptomatic infections were carried out at the end of rainy season during July-September of 2000, when SP was the national second line (CQ was the first line) and 2006 when SP was the national first line antimalarial treatment. Genetic analysis of SP resistance genes was carried out on 1,044 asymptomatic infections and the effect of the two policies on SP evolution compared. RESULTS: The frequency of the most resistant allele, the double dhps-triple dhfr mutant genotype, increased by only 1% during 17 years of SP second line use, but there was a dramatic increase by 45% during five years of SP first line use. CONCLUSION: We conclude that National policy change from second line to first line SP, brought about an immediate shift in treatment practice and this in turn had a highly significant impact on drug pressure. The use of SP in specific programs only such as intermittent preventive treatment of infants (IPTi) and intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women (IPTp) will most likely reduce substantially SP selection pressure and the SP resistance alleles alike.
Authors: James G Kublin; Fraction K Dzinjalamala; Deborah D Kamwendo; Elissa M Malkin; Joseph F Cortese; Lisa M Martino; Rabia A G Mukadam; Stephen J Rogerson; Andres G Lescano; Malcolm E Molyneux; Peter A Winstanley; Phillips Chimpeni; Terrie E Taylor; Christopher V Plowe Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2002-01-17 Impact factor: 5.226
Authors: Richard Pearce; Allen Malisa; S Patrick Kachur; Karen Barnes; Brian Sharp; Cally Roper Journal: Mol Biol Evol Date: 2005-05-25 Impact factor: 16.240
Authors: Andrea M McCollum; Amanda C Poe; Mary Hamel; Curtis Huber; Zhiyong Zhou; Ya Ping Shi; Peter Ouma; John Vulule; Peter Bloland; Laurence Slutsker; John W Barnwell; Venkatachalam Udhayakumar; Ananias A Escalante Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2006-06-13 Impact factor: 5.226
Authors: D Schellenberg; C Menendez; E Kahigwa; J Aponte; J Vidal; M Tanner; H Mshinda; P Alonso Journal: Lancet Date: 2001-05-12 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: A M Nzila; E K Mberu; J Sulo; H Dayo; P A Winstanley; C H Sibley; W M Watkins Journal: Antimicrob Agents Chemother Date: 2000-04 Impact factor: 5.191
Authors: Miriam K Laufer; Phillip C Thesing; Nicole D Eddington; Rhoda Masonga; Fraction K Dzinjalamala; Shannon L Takala; Terrie E Taylor; Christopher V Plowe Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2006-11-09 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Ahmed A Adeel; Fahad Awad Ali Elnour; Khalid Abdalmutalab Elmardi; Mona B Abd-Elmajid; Mai Mahmoud Elhelo; Mousab S Ali; Mariam A Adam; Hoda Atta; Ghasem Zamani; Marian Warsame; Amy Barrette; Hanan El Mohammady; Rania A Nada Journal: Malar J Date: 2016-05-21 Impact factor: 2.979