Postmarketing surveillance of tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis in Japan: interim analysis of 3881 patients.

OBJECTIVE: An interim analysis of an all-patient postmarketing surveillance programme in Japan to investigate the safety of tocilizumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the real world.
METHODS: This analysis included 3881 patients. Patients received 8 mg/kg of tocilizumab every 4 weeks, and were observed for 28 weeks. Data on baseline characteristics and adverse events (AE) were collected.
RESULTS: Total and serious AE were reported as 167 and 27 events/100 patient-years, respectively. The most frequent AE and serious AE were infections. Logistic regression analysis identified the following risk factors for the development of serious infection: concurrent or medical history of respiratory disorders; prednisolone dose at baseline ≥5 mg/day; and age ≥65 years. Twenty-five patients died, and the standardised mortality ratio, with the Japanese general population in 2008 as reference, was 1.66, similar to the results from the Japanese cohort study for RA patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Tocilizumab is acceptably safe in the real clinical setting. Tocilizumab needs to be used with consideration of the benefit-risk balance to avoid serious infections in elderly patients and those on high doses of corticosteroids or with a concurrent or medical history of respiratory disorders.

Tocilizumab is a humanised anti-human interleukin 6 receptor monoclonal antibody. On the basis of previous clinical studies1–7 it was approved in Japan as an antirheumatic drug in 2008, and was subsequently approved in Europe in 2009 and in the USA in 2010.

The main objectives of all-patient postmarketing surveillance (PMS) programmes are to assess a drug's safety profile in the real world, to identify any risk factors for adverse events (AE) or adverse reactions, and also to verify effectiveness.

The PMS for tocilizumab was conducted from April 2008 to November 2009 as one of the conditions for approval in Japan, and a total of 8527 patients were enrolled. We report here the results of an interim safety analysis of 3881 registered patients who had completed 28 weeks of tocilizumab observation between April 2008 and July 2009.

Methods

Patients

The PMS was conducted on all rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who received tocilizumab during the surveillance period in Japan. Tocilizumab was given to patients who showed inadequate response to at least one non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug and who conformed to the Japan College of Rheumatology guidelines for tocilizumab8 (see supplementary text S1, available online only). Patients also had to be screened for tuberculosis based on an interview, a tuberculin skin test and a chest x-ray before initiation of tocilizumab treatment.

Protocol

Patient registration was controlled centrally (see supplementary text S2, available online only). Patients received an intravenous infusion of 8 mg/kg of tocilizumab every 4 weeks. The observation period was from the initiation of tocilizumab treatment (week 0) to week 28. Data collected included baseline patient characteristics and all AE occurring during the 28 weeks or within 4 weeks of the last tocilizumab infusion.

Statistical analysis

AE were classified using system organ classes and preferred terms according to MedDRA v12.0. Univariate logistic analysis was used to screen for potential predictive variables, and a stepwise selection process was used for the multivariate regression model for identifying the risk factors for serious infections, interstitial lung disease (ILD), hepatic function abnormalities, cardiac disorders and death. The standardised mortality ratio was calculated relative to mortality in the general Japanese population in 2008.9 p values below 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Patient demographics

In this interim report, 3881 RA patients were analysed (total exposure 1793.5 patient-years; mean observation period (SD) 24.1 (7.4) weeks) (see supplementary table S1 and supplementary text S3, available online only).

Overall safety

A total of 3004 AE in 1641 patients (167.4/100 patient-years) and 490 serious adverse events (SAE) in 361 patients (27.3/100 patient-years) were reported. For 2330 AE in 1379 patients (129.9/100 patient-years) and 363 SAE in 278 patients (20.2/100 patient-years), it was judged that a causal relationship with tocilizumab could not be ruled out and these were classified as adverse drug reactions (ADR). The most common AE and SAE were infections and infestations (table 1).

Table 1

The incidence rate (events/100 patient-years) of AE and ADR classified by SOC in RA patients treated with tocilizumab

	Total AE		Serious AE		Total ADR		Serious ADR
	No of events		No of events		No of events		No of events
SOC	(/100 patient-years)		(/100 patient-years)		(/100 patient-years)		(/100 patient-years)
Total	3,004	(167.49)	490	(27.32)	2,330	(129.91)	363	(20.24)
Infections and infestations	553	(30.83)	163	(9.09)	447	(24.92)	147	(8.20)
Laboratory test abnormalities	636	(35.46)	39	(2.17)	563	(31.39)	36	(2.01)
Hepatobiliary disorders	269	(15.00)	12	(0.67)	213	(11.88)	11	(0.61)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	247	(13.77)	6	(0.33)	205	(11.43)	6	(0.33)
Gastrointestinal disorders	221	(12.32)	42	(2.34)	145	(8.08)	30	(1.67)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	207	(11.54)	37	(2.06)	150	(8.36)	26	(1.45)
Metabolism and nutrition disorders	172	(9.59)	4	(0.22)	159	(8.87)	3	(0.17)
General disorders and administration site conditions	145	(8.08)	18	(1.00)	124	(6.91)	16	(0.89)
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	135	(7.53)	20	(1.12)	87	(4.85)	12	(0.67)
Nervous system disorders	102	(5.69)	21	(1.17)	70	(3.90)	13	(0.72)
Blood and lymphatic system disorders	64	(3.57)	23	(1.28)	51	(2.84)	19	(1.06)
Vascular disorders	63	(3.51)	13	(0.72)	33	(1.84)	7	(0.39)
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications	53	(2.96)	34	(1.90)	5	(0.28)	3	(0.17)
Cardiac disorders	45	(2.51)	25	(1.39)	33	(1.84)	17	(0.95)
Renal and urinary disorders	21	(1.17)	5	(0.28)	12	(0.67)	3	(0.17)
Eye disorders	20	(1.12)	1	(0.06)	10	(0.56)	1	(0.06)
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)	18	(1.00)	15	(0.84)	7	(0.39)	5	(0.28)
Psychiatric disorders	11	(0.61)	2	(0.11)	2	(0.11)	0	(0.00)
Immune system disorders	8	(0.45)	7	(0.39)	8	(0.45)	7	(0.39)
Ear and labyrinth disorders	6	(0.33)	2	(0.11)	3	(0.17)	1	(0.06)
Endocrine disorders	4	(0.22)	1	(0.06)	1	(0.06)	0	(0.00)
Reproductive system and breast disorders	4	(0.22)	0	(0.00)	2	(0.11)	0	(0.00)

ADR, adverse drug reaction; AE, adverse event; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SOC, Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) system organ class (MedDRA v12.0).

Clinically important AE

The most common serious infection was pneumonia (47 events in 44 patients; 2.62/100 patient-years). Five patients (0.28/100 patient-years) developed sepsis or septic shock (table 2).

Table 2

Common SAE in tocilizumab-treated RA patients

		No of events
		(/100 patient-years)
Total	490	(27.3)
Infections and infestations	163	(9.09)
Pneumonia*	47	(2.62)
Cellulitis	19	(1.06)
Herpes zoster	11	(0.61)
Atypical mycobacterial infection	9	(0.50)
Arthritis bacterial and arthritis infective	9	(0.50)
Diverticulitis	6	(0.33)
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia	5	(0.28)
Sepsis and septic shock	5	(0.28)
Gastroenteritis	5	(0.28)
Tuberculosis†	4	(0.22)
Bronchitis	4	(0.22)
Pyelonephritis	4	(0.22)
Malignancies	15	(0.84)
Breast cancer	2	(0.11)
Gastric cancer	2	(0.11)
B-cell lymphoma	1	(0.06)
Basal cell carcinoma	1	(0.06)
Bile duct cancer	1	(0.06)
Bladder neoplasm	1	(0.06)
Lymphoma	1	(0.06)
Meningioma	1	(0.06)
Pleural mesothelioma	1	(0.06)
Uterine cancer	1	(0.06)
Large intestine carcinoma	1	(0.06)
Cervix carcinoma	1	(0.06)
Lung neoplasm	1	(0.06)
Others
Cardiac function disorder	25	(1.39)
ILD and organising pneumonia	23	(1.28)
White blood cell count decreased	15	(0.84)
Hepatobiliary disorder	12	(0.67)
Neutrophil count decreased	10	(0.56)
Anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactic shock, anaphylactoid reaction and hypersensitivity	7	(0.39)
Fever	7	(0.39)
Gastrointestinal perforation‡	7	(0.39)
Melaena	7	(0.39)
Neutropenia	6	(0.33)
Acute myocardial infarction	6	(0.33)
RA	6	(0.33)
Vertebral compression fracture	6	(0.33)
Cerebral infarction	5	(0.28)
Pneumothorax	5	(0.28)
Leucopenia	5	(0.28)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation	4	(0.22)
Arthralgia	4	(0.22)

Pneumonia: includes bronchial pneumonia, lobar pneumonia, pneumonia, mycoplasmal pneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia.

Tuberculosis: pulmonary tuberculosis in three of the patients and peritoneal tuberculosis in one.

Gastrointestinal perforations: includes appendicitis perforated, gastric perforation, intestinal perforation, large intestinal perforation, and small intestinal perforation.

ILD, interstitial lung disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SAE, serious adverse event.

Four patients developed tuberculosis (0.22/100 patient-years). None of these patients had a history of tuberculosis. Two cases developed after more than 4 months of tocilizumab treatment, and the other two cases developed 24 days and 78 days after the beginning of tocilizumab infusion. All cases improved with appropriate treatment.

Twelve serious hepatobiliary disorders were reported in 11 patients (0.67/100 patient-years). No hepatitis B/C-positive patients or hepatitis B/C virus carriers developed hepatobiliary disorders.

Twenty-five serious cardiac disorders were reported in 24 patients (1.39/100 patient-years). Of these patients, 13 (54.2%) had a concurrent or medical history of cardiac disturbance.

Twenty-three ILD events were reported in 23 patients (1.28/100 patient-years); 13 patients had a concurrent or medical history of ILD, and an infection was a trigger for the onset of interstitial pneumonia in three patients.

Fifteen malignancies were reported in 15 patients (0.84/100 patient-years). At present, no specific patterns have been identified in terms of the types of malignancies.

Seven gastrointestinal perforations were reported in six patients (0.39/100 patient-years); in all cases, perforation occurred before the fifth dose of tocilizumab. All these patients had acute abdominal pain at onset and recovered with appropriate intervention including intestinal resections.

Death was reported in 25 patients (see supplementary table S2, available online only). The standardised mortality ratio was 1.66 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.46), which was similar to the results reported in the Japanese cohort study for RA.9

Significant risk factors identified for serious infections were age 65 years or greater, a concurrent or medical history of respiratory disease and corticosteroid dosage of 5 mg/day or greater (prednisolone equivalent) at the baseline; risk factors for ILD were a concurrent or medical history of ILD and age 65 years or greater; risk factors for serious cardiac function disorders were a concurrent or medical history of cardiac function disorders and low bodyweight (<40 kg); risk factors for hepatic function disorders were a concurrent hepatic function disorder and the concomitant use of methotrexate; and risk factors for death were age 65 years or greater, a concurrent or medical history of cardiac disorders, concurrent renal impairment and Steinbrocker class 3 or 4 (table 3 and supplementary text S4, available online only). Although serum total cholesterol was increased to greater than 300 mg/dl in 100 patients (2.6%) and triglycerides were increased to greater than 375 mg/dl in 70 patients (1.8%), no patients who showed these abnormalites continuously developed serious cardiac function disorders.

Table 3

Risk factors for AE (results based on multiple logistic regression analysis)

Event	Factor	Prevalence*(%)		OR	95% CI	p Value
Serious infections and infestations	Age, years (≥65 vs <65)†	75/1406 (5.33)	70/2473 (2.83)	1.699	1.152 to 2.505	0.0075
	Respiratory disease (concurrent or medical history) (yes vs no)	68/841 (8.09)	77/3040 (2.53)	3.428	2.308 to 5.092	<0.0001
	Oral corticosteroids (mg/day, prednisolone-equivalent) (at baseline)
	(<5 mg/day vs 0 mg/day)	58/1845 (3.14)	25/1032 (2.42)	1.114	0.647 to 1.915	0.6973
	(≥5 mg/day vs 0 mg/day)	62/1004 (6.18)	25/1032 (2.42)	2.165	1.254 to 3.738	0.0056
ILD‡	Age, years (≥65 vs <65)†	16/1406 (1.14)	7/2473 (0.28)	4.304	1.532 to 12.091	0.0056
	ILD (concurrent or medical history) (yes vs no)no	13/428 (3.04)	10/3453 (0.29)	7.950	3.129 to 20.200	<0.0001
Hepatic function disorders§	Methotrexate (concomitant drug) (yes vs no)	214/1942 (11.02)	106/1939 (5.47)	2.174	1.705 to 2.771	<0.0001
	Hepatic function disorders (concurrent) (yes vs no)	30/176 (17.05)	290/3705 (7.83)	2.546	1.681 to 3.857	<0.0001
Cardiac function disorders	Cardiac function disorders (concurrent or medical history) (yes vs no)	13/250 (5.20)	11/3631 (0.30)	15.618	6.054 to 40.294	<0.0001
	Bodyweight (>40 kg vs ≤40 kg)†	16/3232 (0.50)	6/234 (2.56)	0.235	0.077 to 0.717	0.0416
Death	Age, years (≥65 vs <65)†	20/1406 (1.42)	5/2473 (0.20)	3.274	1.161 to 9.232	0.0249
	Steinbrocker class (3+4 vs 1+2)	17/1037 (1.64)	8/2831 (0.28)	3.505	1.361 to 9.027	0.0094
	Cardiac disorders (concurrent or medical history) (yes vs no)	8/250 (3.20)	17/3631 (0.47)	3.607	1.422 to 9.146	0.0069
	Renal impairment (concurrent) (yes vs no)	9/187 (4.81)	16/3694 (0.43)	3.876	1.354 to 11.098	0.0116

Prevalence is described as (number of patients who developed adverse events; AE)/(number of patients matched with each factor).

Data were not collected in two cases.

ILD (interstitial lung disease) includes interstitial pneumonia and organising pneumonia.

Hepatic function disorders include liver function test abnormalities (increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, or γ-glutamyl transpeptidase).

Discussion

In this interim analysis, the safety profile of tocilizumab in Japanese RA patients in the real world was clarified.

The most common AE and SAE reported in this analysis were infections and infestations. The incidence rate of infections as SAE was higher in this report (9.1/100 patient-years) than in the tocilizumab clinical study in Japan (6.2/100 patient-years)10 or in other tocilizumab global clinical studies.1–7 In this PMS, all patients were enrolled including those who had risk factors for serious infections, and all AE were monitored after initiating treatment. In the clinical trials, on the other hand, although the incidence rate of reported AE is accurate because all AE are recorded, patients were excluded for a number of conditions including risk factors for serious infection. These factors might make a difference between this PMS and clinical studies in the incidence rates of serious infections.

Although there was no parallel control study and patient background might be not comparable, in terms of infections as serious ADR our results (8.20/100 patient-years; 3.4%) were equivalent to the results of 6 months' infliximab PMS data (8.56/100 patient-years)11 and higher than 6 months' etanercept PMS data (2.4%) (PMS report www.enbrel.jp/member/report/kansetsu_7.html). These results suggest that, in common with other anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) biological agents, careful monitoring of signs and symptoms of infection is important during treatment with tocilizumab to avoid the development of serious infections, especially in patients with identified risk factors.11 12

The reactivation of tuberculosis is a major concern during anti-TNF treatment, but there is no medical consensus regarding the effect of interleukin 6 signal inhibition on tuberculosis.13 14 Therefore, all patients were screened for tuberculosis in the same way as those receiving anti-TNF treatments, and chemoprophylaxis was provided as needed before starting tocilizumab treatment. As a result, the incidence rate of tuberculosis in this study (0.1%, 0.22/100 patient-years) was equivalent to that in the PMS of infliximab (0.3%) and etanercept (0.1%).11 12 Because tuberculosis developed in various periods after the initiation of tocilizumab treatment, the collection of case reports and further detailed study will be needed to clarify the risk factors for tuberculosis developing during tocilizumab treatment.

ILD was reported more frequently in this PMS study than in the clinical studies,10 but the incidence rate of this AE was equivalent to that found in the PMS of infliximab and etanercept in Japan.11, 12 As infection is a trigger for the onset of interstitial pneumonia, careful monitoring of infection will be mandatory in patients with a concurrent or medical history of ILD.

Serious hepatic function disorders through the reactivation of hepatitis virus were not reported in this study. Nevertheless, tocilizumab treatment of patients infected with hepatitis virus (ie, hepatitis virus carriers or patients with viral hepatitis) is not recommended at present because there is limited experience with tocilizumab treatment in these patients, and because the reactivation of hepatitis B was reported during anti-TNF therapy.15 Moreover, because the concomitant use of methotrexate was shown to be a risk factor for hepatic function disorders, hepatic function should be periodically tested when tocilizumab is used with methotrexate.

As a concurrent or medical history of cardiovascular disorders and low bodyweight are risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease, careful monitoring is needed in these patients.

Anaphylaxis was reported in seven patients (0.4/100 patient-years). All of these cases were reported before the fourth infusion of tocilizumab. Therefore, careful monitoring for anaphylaxis is required in the early phase of tocilizumab treatment.

In conclusion, these results show that tocilizumab was well tolerated and the safety of tocilizumab is within an acceptable range in the real clinical setting. Because this surveillance was conducted only 28 weeks, a long-term surveillance programme is also currently underway to clarify the long-term safety of tocilizumab in daily clinical practice in Japan.