BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to present nationally representative data on the lifetime independent association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychiatric co-morbidity, correlates, quality of life and treatment seeking in the USA. METHOD: Data were derived from a large national sample of the US population. Face-to-face surveys of more than 34 000 adults aged 18 years and older residing in households were conducted during the 2004-2005 period. Diagnoses of ADHD, Axis I and II disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV version. RESULTS: ADHD was associated independently of the effects of other psychiatric co-morbidity with increased risk of bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, and narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, antisocial and schizotypal personality disorders. A lifetime history of ADHD was also associated with increased risk of engaging in behaviors reflecting lack of planning and deficient inhibitory control, with high rates of adverse events, lower perceived health, social support and higher perceived stress. Fewer than half of individuals with ADHD had ever sought treatment, and about one-quarter had ever received medication. The average age of first treatment contact was 18.40 years. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD is common and associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders, impulsive behaviors, greater number of traumas, lower quality of life, perceived social support and social functioning, even after adjusting for additional co-morbidity. When treatment is sought, it is often in late adolescence or early adulthood, suggesting the need to improve diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to present nationally representative data on the lifetime independent association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychiatric co-morbidity, correlates, quality of life and treatment seeking in the USA. METHOD: Data were derived from a large national sample of the US population. Face-to-face surveys of more than 34 000 adults aged 18 years and older residing in households were conducted during the 2004-2005 period. Diagnoses of ADHD, Axis I and II disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV version. RESULTS:ADHD was associated independently of the effects of other psychiatric co-morbidity with increased risk of bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, and narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, antisocial and schizotypal personality disorders. A lifetime history of ADHD was also associated with increased risk of engaging in behaviors reflecting lack of planning and deficient inhibitory control, with high rates of adverse events, lower perceived health, social support and higher perceived stress. Fewer than half of individuals with ADHD had ever sought treatment, and about one-quarter had ever received medication. The average age of first treatment contact was 18.40 years. CONCLUSIONS:ADHD is common and associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders, impulsive behaviors, greater number of traumas, lower quality of life, perceived social support and social functioning, even after adjusting for additional co-morbidity. When treatment is sought, it is often in late adolescence or early adulthood, suggesting the need to improve diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.
Authors: Michael Rösler; Wolfgang Retz; Petra Retz-Junginger; Georges Hengesch; Marc Schneider; Tilman Supprian; Petra Schwitzgebel; Katrin Pinhard; Nadine Dovi-Akue; Paul Wender; Johannes Thome Journal: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Date: 2004-11-12 Impact factor: 5.270
Authors: Bridget F Grant; Deborah A Dawson; Frederick S Stinson; Patricia S Chou; Ward Kay; Roger Pickering Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2003-07-20 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Sharlene Kaye; Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga; Geurt van de Glind; Frances R Levin; Stephen V Faraone; Steve Allsop; Louisa Degenhardt; Franz Moggi; Csaba Barta; Maija Konstenius; Johan Franck; Arvid Skutle; Eli-Torild Bu; Maarten W J Koeter; Zsolt Demetrovics; Máté Kapitány-Fövény; Robert A Schoevers; Katelijne van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen; Pieter-Jan Carpentier; Geert Dom; Sofie Verspreet; Cleo L Crunelle; Jesse T Young; Susan Carruthers; Joanne Cassar; Melina Fatséas; Marc Auriacombe; Brian Johnson; Matthew Dunn; Ortal Slobodin; Wim van den Brink Journal: J Atten Disord Date: 2016-02-27 Impact factor: 3.256
Authors: Katelijne van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen; Geurt van de Glind; Maarten W J Koeter; Steve Allsop; Marc Auriacombe; Csaba Barta; Eli Torild H Bu; Yuliya Burren; Pieter-Jan Carpentier; Susan Carruthers; Miguel Casas; Zsolt Demetrovics; Geert Dom; Stephen V Faraone; Melina Fatseas; Johan Franck; Brian Johnson; Máté Kapitány-Fövény; Sharlene Kaye; Maija Konstenius; Frances R Levin; Franz Moggi; Merete Møller; J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga; Arild Schillinger; Arvid Skutle; Sofie Verspreet; Wim van den Brink; Robert A Schoevers Journal: Addiction Date: 2013-11-20 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Kayla N Anderson; Annelise C Dutton; Cheryl S Broussard; Sherry L Farr; Jennifer N Lind; Susanna N Visser; Elizabeth C Ailes; Stuart K Shapira; Jennita Reefhuis; Sarah C Tinker Journal: J Atten Disord Date: 2018-03-09 Impact factor: 3.256
Authors: U W Preuss; E Gouzoulis-Mayfrank; U Havemann-Reinecke; I Schäfer; M Beutel; E Hoch; K F Mann Journal: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Date: 2017-04-24 Impact factor: 5.270
Authors: U W Preuss; E Gouzoulis-Mayfrank; U Havemann-Reinecke; I Schäfer; M Beutel; K F Mann; E Hoch Journal: Nervenarzt Date: 2016-01 Impact factor: 1.214